Optimization of self-fermented period of waste coconut endosperm destined to feed black soldier fly larvae in enhancing the lipid and protein yields

Mohd-Noor, Siti-Nuraini; Wong, Chung Yiin; Lim, Jun Wei; Mah-Hussin, Mah-Iazam-Azuri; Uemura, Yoshimitsu; Lam, Man-Kee; Ramli, Anita; Bashir, Mohammed J.K.; Tham, Leony

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.067

Cited by 78 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The attained eggs were then transferred into sterile Petri dishes and incubated until the larvae emerged. The new BSFL (neonate) were reared on CEW until 6 days old prior to being used in the experiments [12]. Figure 1 presents the schematic flow of the reported works.…”

Section: Attainment Of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Bsfl)mentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: In-Situ Yeast Fermentation Medium in Fortifying Protein and Lipid Accumulations in the Harvested Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly

Wong

Lim

et al. 2020

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Recently, worldwide researchers have been focusing on exploiting of black soldier fly larval (BSFL) biomass to serve as the feed mediums for farmed animals, including aquaculture farming, in order to assuage the rising demands for protein sources. In this study, yeast was introduced into coconut endosperm waste (CEW) whilst serving as the feeding medium to rear BSFL in simultaneously performed in situ fermentation. It was found that at a 2.5 wt% yeast concentration, the total biomass gained, growth rate and rearing time were improved to 1.145 g, 0.085 g/day and 13.5 days, respectively. In terms of solid waste reduction, the inoculation of yeast over 0.5 wt% in CEW was able to achieve more than 50% overall degradation, with the waste reduction indexes (WRIs) ranging from 0.038 to 0.040 g/day. Disregarding the concentration of yeast introduced, the protein productivity from 20 BSFL was enhanced from only 0.018 g/day (the control) to 0.025 g/day with the presence of yeast at arbitrary concentrations. On the other hand, the larval protein yield was fortified from the control (28%) to a highest value of 35% with the presence of a mere 0.02 wt% yeast concentration. To summarize, the inclusion of a minimal amount of yeast into CEW for in situ fermentation ultimately enhanced the growth of BSFL, as well as its protein yield and productivity.

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Section: Attainment Of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Bsfl)mentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED: In-Situ Yeast Fermentation Medium in Fortifying Protein and Lipid Accumulations in the Harvested Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly

Wong

Lim

et al. 2020

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“…However, this is still an under-studied area as the whey protein used in this study would qualify as an animal protein and it is thought that not all plant-based feeds provide enough protein. For example, a study by Mohd-Noor et al (2017) used coconut endosperm as a feed, and the low protein concentration (3-4%) in the coconut endosperm most likely prohibited the growth of the larvae. Another example would be the dried sugar beet pulp from the study of Tschirner and Simon (2015), this feeding substrate only had 8.5% protein and produced the lightest larvae of their study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of protein and carbohydrate feed concentrations on the growth and composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae

Beniers

Graham

2019

JIFF

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Black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) can be used for a wide range of applications, from screening their anti-microbial properties, entomophagy through to waste management. Although the use of black soldier flies for these purposes has been widely studied, mass-rearing black soldier flies is still in the preliminary phase. This study focussed on the nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae over the course of their life history, and the impact of manipulating dietary protein and carbohydrate on the growth and composition (protein and fat) of the larvae. Larvae were collected every 24h over the course of this life-stage to test for differences in composition. To test the effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate differences, larvae were fed 25 diets with varying concentrations of protein and carbohydrates. Overall, the composition of larvae changed very little over their life history, with the higher concentration of protein mostly observed in the earlier instars of the larvae. The pre-pupal stage reduced the fresh and dry weight of the larvae, whereas the ash concentration was very stable throughout their life history. Both dietary protein and dietary carbohydrate had a significant effect on the fresh and dry weight of the larvae, but dietary protein was a stronger indicator of larval fresh and dry weight than dietary carbohydrate. Larval composition was also influenced by the feedtype, with heavier larvae producing significantly more fat than the lighter ones.

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“…Further increment of mixed-bacteria powder to 2.5 wt% did not affect much on WBC, as it only dropped a little, to around 8.5%. From this result, it was assumed that at lower concentrations of mixed-bacteria powder, the fermented feed was not mature enough for BSFL consumption, resulting in a low waste-to-biomass conversion [9]. However, a higher mixed-bacteria concentration at 2.5 wt% led to a decrement in WBC due to the nutrient in fermented raw CEW being consumed by competitive microorganisms.…”

Section: Effects Of Different Concentrations Of Mixed-bacteria Powdermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, insect-derived biodiesel could be a better choice compared to oleaginous microorganisms to generate biodiesel. The rationale for this is that through insect farming, several biochemical products and by-products can be obtained, including insect-derived lipid, protein, and biodiesel [9]. In addition to that, solid waste could be treated and converted into value added products such as vermicomposting bio-fertilizer, which possess similar performances as conventional fertilizer [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Protein and Biodiesel Sources from Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Insights of Larval Harvesting Instar and Fermented Feeding Medium

et al. 2019

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Primarily produced via transesterification of lipid sources, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of biodiesel derived from insect larvae has gained momentum in a great deal of research done over other types of feedstock. From the self-harvesting nature of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), research had, however, only concentrated on the harvest of BSFL on sixth instar. Through rearing BSFL on coconut endosperm waste (CEW), 100 BSFL were harvested at the fifth and sixth instar, then modification on CEW with mixed-bacteria powder was carried out. It was found that the fifth instar BSFL had 34% lipid content, which was 8% more than the sixth instar. Both instars had similar corrected protein contents around 35–38%. The sixth instar BSFL contained around 19% of chitin, which was about 11% more than the fifth instar. Biodiesel products from both instars showed no differences in terms of FAME content. With modification on CEW, at 0.5 wt% of mixed-bacteria powder concentration, the maximum waste-to-biomass conversion (WBC) and protein conversion (PC) were achieved at 9% and 60%, respectively. Moreover, even with the shorter fermentation time frame of CEW, it did not affect the development of BSFL in terms of its WBC and PC when fed with 14 and 21 days fermented medium. FAME from all groups set, which predominantly constituted about C12:0 at around 60%, followed by C14:0 at around 15%, C16:0, and C18:1 both at 10% on average. Lastly, the FAME yield from BSFL was improved from 25% (sixth instar) to 33% (fifth instar) and showed its highest at 38.5% with modification on raw CEW with 0.5 wt% mixed-bacteria powder and fermented for 21 days. Thus, harvesting BSFL at earlier instar is more beneficial and practical, as it improves the FAME yield from the BSFL biomass.

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Optimization of self-fermented period of waste coconut endosperm destined to feed black soldier fly larvae in enhancing the lipid and protein yields

Cited by 78 publications

References 29 publications

RETRACTED: In-Situ Yeast Fermentation Medium in Fortifying Protein and Lipid Accumulations in the Harvested Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly

RETRACTED: In-Situ Yeast Fermentation Medium in Fortifying Protein and Lipid Accumulations in the Harvested Larval Biomass of Black Soldier Fly

Effect of protein and carbohydrate feed concentrations on the growth and composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae

Potential Protein and Biodiesel Sources from Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Insights of Larval Harvesting Instar and Fermented Feeding Medium

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