Optimization of ultrasonic frequency for the improvement of extraction yields of bufadienolides from the Chinese medicine ChanSu by using a novel ultrasonic system

Abstract

Optimization of the ultrasonic frequency for the improvement of extraction yields of bufadienolides from ChanSu was evaluated successfully using an online extraction system, which can convert the ultrasonic frequency information to intuitive waveforms that are easily identified by the naked eye. This can provide the information that can quickly select the optimum ultrasonic frequency to obtain the maximum extraction yields. This work has systematically studied the influence of ultrasonic frequency of 20-84 kHz on the bufadienolides yield, whereas existing ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) uses only one or very few frequency points. The higher bufadienolides yield was achieved at the ultrasonic frequency of 54-55 kHz, which was found to be weakly affected by other extraction parameters such as the type of solvent, solvent to solid ratio, ultrasound power, extraction temperature and particle size. The extraction results, which were converted to the intuitive waveforms by the laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench (LabVIEW) on a computer, could be easily observed by the naked eye by the real-time monitoring of the product concentration in the treatment tank. Hence, it would be favorable to minimize the time-consuming treatments of samples and the required laborious manual manipulations. Comparative studies between existing methods and the proposed method have been carried out. Results indicate that this method can achieve a higher extraction yield compared with the existing extraction technologies.

Comparison between the use of polyether ether ketone and stainless steel columns for ultrasonic-assisted extraction under various ultrasonic conditions

“…However, a significant cavitation effect cannot be achieved by the bubbles alone. Prior studies have proven that if the ultrasound frequency is matched with the natural resonance frequency of the bubble, the ultrasonic energy would reach its highest [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] . The presumption was that the radius of the bubble had changed.…”

Effects of Process Parameters on the Extraction of Quercetin and Rutin from the Stalks of Euonymus Alatus (Thumb.) Sieb and Predictive Model Based on Least Squares Support Vector Machine Optimized by an Improved Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm

“…The possible reason is that ultrasonic frequency of 80 kHz is closer the resonant frequency of the target component cell. Similarly, our previous studies [41][42][43] also found a highest extraction yield at one optimal frequency during the extraction of rutin from Sophora japonica and hesperidin from tangerine peels. Thus, 80 kHz as the optimum ultrasonic frequency is used for the UAE of quercetin and rutin.…”