“…In addition, the electric field induced by noble metals on the surface can amplify both the Raman signals of analyte molecules and the polarization caused by electron transfer, thus further enhancing SERS activity. 22 Moreover, this combination also enhances the stability and reproducibility of the SERS signals, making them valuable for a wide range of applications in analytical chemistry, materials science, and other fields. 23 In recent years, semiconductor bismuth oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ) has gained increasing attention as a potential visible-light-driven photocatalyst due to its simple composition, relatively narrow bandgap (2.2-2.8 eV), 24 and its ability to be excited by light with wavelengths up to 445 nm, including visible and ultraviolet (UV) light.…”