Optimized Placement of Onshore Wind Farms Considering Topography

Wu, Xiawei; Hu, Weihao; Huang, Qi; Chen, Cong; Chen, Zhe; Blaabjerg, Frede

doi:10.3390/en12152944

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Knowledge of the size of the area, where the flow is affected by some obstruction, has large importance in many engineering applications, starting from design of wind farms [2,3] up to safety of transportation. For example, here in the Czech Republic, a political discussion is taking place about declaring minimal distance of overtaking on a road: especially in cases where a motorized vehicle is overtaking a bicycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wake Width: Discussion of Several Methods How to Estimate It by Using Measured Experimental Data

2021

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Several methods of defining and estimating the width of a turbulent wake are presented and tested on the experimental data obtained in the wake past an asymmetric prismatic airfoil NACA 64(3)-618, which is often used as tip profile of the wind turbines. Instantaneous velocities are measured by using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. All suggested methods of wake width estimation are based on the statistics of a stream-wise velocity component. First, the expansion of boundary layer (BL) thickness is tested, showing that both displacement BL thickness and momentum BL thickness do not represent the width of the wake. The equivalent of 99% BL thickness is used in the literature, but with different threshold value. It is shown that a lower threshold of 50% gives more stable results. The ensemble average velocity profile is fitted by Gauss function and its σ-parameter is used as another definition of wake width. The profiles of stream-wise velocity standard deviation display a two-peak shape; the distance of those peaks serves as wake width for Norberg, while another tested option is to include the widths of such peaks. Skewness (the third statistical moment) of stream-wise velocity displays a pair of sharp peaks in the wake boundary, but their position is heavily affected by the statistical quality of the data. Flatness (the fourth statistical moment) of the stream-wise velocity refers to the occurrence of rare events, and therefore the distance, where turbulent events ejected from the wake become rare and can be considered as another definition of wake width. The repeatability of the mentioned methods and their sensitivity to Reynolds’ number and model quality are discussed as well.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wake Width: Discussion of Several Methods How to Estimate It by Using Measured Experimental Data

2021

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“…This is the cheapest renewable energy source and is already a well-established sector that has seen stable growth for decades. Traditionally, wind farms have been located onshore and great technological development has been achieved for this type of installation, the actual trend being to increase the dimensions of the turbines in order to generate more energy [6]. In recent years, the creation of offshore wind farm projects has also gained increasing importance [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of the Wind Energy Resources along the Spanish Continental Nearshore

2020

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The main objective of the present work is to provide a comprehensive picture of the wind conditions in the Spanish continental nearshore considering a state-of-the-art wind dataset. In order to do this, the ERA5 wind data, covering the 20-year time interval from 1999 to 2018, was processed and evaluated. ERA stands for ’ECMWF Re-Analysis’ and refers to a series of research projects at ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) which produced various datasets. In addition to the analysis of the wind resources (reported for a 100 m height), the performances of several wind turbines, ranging from 3 to 9.5 MW, were evaluated. From the analysis of the spatial maps it was observed that the Northern part of this region presents significant wind resources, the mean wind speed values exceeding 9 m/s in some locations. On the other hand, in regard to the Southern sector, more energetic conditions are visible close to the Strait of Gibraltar and to the Gulf of Lion. Nevertheless, from the analysis of the data corresponding to these two Southern nearshore points it was observed that the average wind speed was lower than 8 m/s in both summer and winter months. Regarding the considered wind turbines, the capacity factor did in general not exceed 20%—however, we did observe some peaks that could reach to 30%. Finally, it can be highlighted that the Northern part of the Spanish continental nearshore is significant from the perspective of extracting offshore wind energy, especially considering the technologies based on floating platforms. Furthermore, because of the clear synergy between wind and wave energy, which are characteristic to this coastal environment, an important conclusion of the present work is that the implementation of joint wind–wave projects might be effective in the Northwestern side of the Iberian nearshore.

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“…The wind partially consumes its energy when passing through the rotor of a wind turbine. Its speed behind the turbine is weakened, which may result in a decrease in the power of other, further wind turbines [22][23][24]. Moreover, placing the wind turbines in a row along the main wind direction intensifies this phenomenon and significantly reduces the output power of the WF [25].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy and Acoustic Environmental Effective Approach for a Wind Farm Location

2021

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The justification for the construction of a wind farm depends primarily on two factors. The first one is the availability of the area with significant windiness; the second one is the environmental conditions in the selected location. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the need for parallel noise and energy analyses during the design of a turbine location and selection of its type on the wind farm. The noise analyses were performed according to ISO 9613-2. A detailed analysis of wind conditions in a given location is a basic activity to determine the profitability of a wind power plant foundation. The main environmental impact of WF is noise emission. The examples of wind turbines’ selection optimally utilizing wind resources in two particular locations are presented. Six wind turbines were analyzed for each location. The choice of a wind turbine for the examined location was determined by the parameters of the device, the results of annual wind measurements, and acceptable noise levels in the environment. The three devices that met the acoustic criteria and the most energy efficient ones are indicated. We describe how a proper process of selecting a type of WT for a specific location should proceed.

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Optimized Placement of Onshore Wind Farms Considering Topography

Cited by 17 publications

References 24 publications

Wake Width: Discussion of Several Methods How to Estimate It by Using Measured Experimental Data

Wake Width: Discussion of Several Methods How to Estimate It by Using Measured Experimental Data

An Evaluation of the Wind Energy Resources along the Spanish Continental Nearshore

Energy and Acoustic Environmental Effective Approach for a Wind Farm Location

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