Optimizing the usability of unwanted latex yield by in situ depolymerization and functionalization

Hirzin, Radin Siti Fazlina Nazrah; Azzahari, Ahmad Danial; Yahya, Rosiyah; Hassan, Aziz

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.078

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The small peaks at 3–4 ppm indicated the presence of hydroxyl groups on the LNR chains at different locations. These new small signals at the chemical shifts of 1.28, 3.47, 3.65, and 3.84 ppm could be assigned to methylene protons adjacent to the secondary alcohol, protons of the hydroxyl group, hydroxylated methane protons, and hydroxylated methylene protons, respectively [62,63]. The pattern of this spectrum was similar to that in our previous work for LNR prepared without TiO 2 [26].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Since the reaction was carried out under atmospheric air and in latex, reactions involving oxygen could not be avoided and occurred as side reactions. The oxidation reactions by singlet oxygen, radical-induced auto-oxidation from hydrogen peroxide, and hydroperoxide photolysis resulting from UV light led to the formation of by-products such as hydroperoxy, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and epoxide groups [63]. These results were in agreement with reports by previous researchers that the degradation of NR by an oxidizing agent and hydroxyl radical leaves carbonyl and hydroxyl groups as the end groups [26,57,64,65,66].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, signals were also observed at chemical shifts of δ 60.78 and 64.58 ppm, which were assigned to carbons of the epoxy group. The epoxy groups would come from those naturally existing in NR chains [67] and also from a side reaction of photodegradation [63].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and Characterization of Low-Molecular-Weight Natural Rubber Latex via Photodegradation Catalyzed by Nano TiO2

et al. 2018

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Natural rubber is one of the most important renewable biopolymers used in many applications due to its special properties that cannot be easily mimicked by synthetic polymers. To sustain the existence of natural rubber in industries, modifications have been made to its chemical structure from time to time in order to obtain new properties and to enable it to be employed in new applications. The chemical structure of natural rubber can be modified by exposure to ultraviolet light to reduce its molecular weight. Under controlled conditions, the natural rubber chains will be broken by photodegradation to yield low-molecular-weight natural rubber. The aim of this work was to obtain what is known as liquid natural rubber via photodegradation, with titanium dioxide nanocrystals as the catalyst. Titanium dioxide, which was firstly synthesized using the sol–gel method, was confirmed to be in the form of an anatase, with a size of about 10 nm. In this work, the photodegradation was carried out in latex state and yielded low-molecular-weight natural rubber latex of less than 10,000 g/mol. The presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups on the liquid natural rubber (LNR) chains was observed, resulting from the breaking of the chains. Scanning electron microscopy of the NR latex particles showed that titanium dioxide nanocrystals were embedded on the latex surface, but then detached during the degradation reaction.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and Characterization of Low-Molecular-Weight Natural Rubber Latex via Photodegradation Catalyzed by Nano TiO2

et al. 2018

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“…In other words, improving both the fuel efficiency and wet traction performance of the tire requires the use of functionalized polymers and high content as well as best dispersion of reinforcing agent in the tread rubber compound [6,8]. However, when functionalized polymer is used, the raw material cost is higher than that of non-functionalized polymer [9], so increasing the content and improving filler dispersion are the priority.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Calcium Chloride as a Coagulant on the Properties of ESBR/Silica Wet Masterbatch Compound

et al. 2018

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When designing rubber compounds for high-performance tires, increasing the silica content can improve the wet traction performance but decreases the fuel efficiency. This trade-off relation makes it difficult to improve the two factors simultaneously. One approach is the development of silica wet masterbatch (WMB) technology for producing compounds containing a high silica content with good dispersion. The technology involves a step to mix surface-modified silica and rubber latex. The technique requires a coagulant to break up the micelles of the rubber latex and cause the surface-modified silica and the rubber molecules to co-coagulate due to van der Waals forces. In this study, the effect of coagulant type on the characteristics of silica surface, and the mechanical properties of the emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (ESBR)/silica WMB compounds was investigated, as well as the abrasion properties and the viscoelastic properties of the vulcanizates.

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“…Several approaches were used in this study to understand the behavior of the input parameters towards the output response properties of the GPE using the linear response surface methodology (RSM) and nonlinear artificial neural network (ANN). These are powerful techniques to effectively analyze the effects of several independent variables simultaneously without any knowledge on the relationship between the objective functions and variables [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. In particular, ANN have been used to study complex phenomena, such as the electrochemical characteristics of polymer electrolyte fuel cells [ 20 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], absorption maxima of organic dyes for DSSC [ 27 ], optimization of parameter settings for the solar energy selective absorption film continuous sputtering process [ 28 ], and properties of ionic liquids [ 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Methodology Modeling in Ionic Conductivity Predictions of Phthaloylchitosan-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte

et al. 2016

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A gel polymer electrolyte system based on phthaloylchitosan was prepared. The effects of process variables, such as lithium iodide, caesium iodide, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide were investigated using a distance-based ternary mixture experimental design. A comparative approach was made between response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the ionic conductivity. The predictive capabilities of the two methodologies were compared in terms of coefficient of determination R 2 based on the validation data set. It was shown that the developed ANN model had better predictive outcome as compared to the RSM model.

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Optimizing the usability of unwanted latex yield by in situ depolymerization and functionalization

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Preparation and Characterization of Low-Molecular-Weight Natural Rubber Latex via Photodegradation Catalyzed by Nano TiO2

Preparation and Characterization of Low-Molecular-Weight Natural Rubber Latex via Photodegradation Catalyzed by Nano TiO2

Effect of Calcium Chloride as a Coagulant on the Properties of ESBR/Silica Wet Masterbatch Compound

Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Methodology Modeling in Ionic Conductivity Predictions of Phthaloylchitosan-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte

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