Optoelectronic information encryption with phase-shifting interferometry

Tajahuerce, Enrique; Matoba, Osamu; Verrall, Steven C.; Javidi, Bahram

doi:10.1364/ao.39.002313

Cited by 222 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…By aligning different slow and fast axes with the direction of the polarization, 4-step phase values α = 0, π /2, π and 3π/2 can be produced with high accuracy as shown in Fig. 4(b) [17]. Figure 5 shows the interference patterns captured by the CCD for 4 phase shifts.…”

Section: Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental Image Synthesis for Integral Imaging Using Phase-shifting Digital Holography

Jeong

Kim

Park

2008

Journal of the Optical Society of Korea

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We propose a method generating elemental images for the integral imaging using 4-step phaseshifting digital holography. Phase shifting digital holography is a way recording the digital hologram by changing the phase of the reference beam and extracting the complex field of the object beam. Since all 3D information is captured by phase-shifting digital holography, the elemental images for any specifications of the lens array can be generated from single phase-shifting digital holography. In experiment, phase-shifting is achieved by rotating half-and quarter-wave plates and the resultant interference patterns are captured by a 3272×2469 pixel CCD camera with 27 μm×27 μm pixel size.

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Section: Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental Image Synthesis for Integral Imaging Using Phase-shifting Digital Holography

Jeong

Kim

Park

2008

Journal of the Optical Society of Korea

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“…Many techniques for the optical encryption of image data have been proposed and implemented in recent years [51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]. Most perform encryption with a random phase mask positioned in the input, Fresnel, or Fraunhofer domain, or a combination of domains.…”

Section: Optical Image Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These invariably produce a complex-valued encrypted image. Digital holography [63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70] can be used to measure complex-valued wavefronts, and it has been applied to the encryption of 2D conventional (real-valued) images [57][58][59]. Of these, the techniques based on phase-shift interferometry [65,67,70] (PSI) make good use of detector resources in that they capture on-axis encrypted digital holograms [58,59].…”

Section: Optical Image Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase in Optical Image Processing

Naughton¹,

Rastogi²,

Hack³

2010

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. The use of phase has a long standing history in optical image processing, with early milestones being in the field of pattern recognition, such as VanderLugt's practical construction technique for matched filters, and (implicitly) Goodman's joint Fourier transform correlator. In recent years, the flexibility afforded by phase-only spatial light modulators and digital holography, for example, has enabled many processing techniques based on the explicit encoding and decoding of phase. One application area concerns efficient numerical computations. Pushing phase measurement to its physical limits, designs employing the physical properties of phase have ranged from the sensible to the wonderful, in some cases making computationally easy problems easier to solve and in other cases addressing mathematics' most challenging computationally hard problems. Another application area is optical image encryption, in which, typically, a phase mask modulates the fractional Fourier transformed coefficients of a perturbed input image, and the phase of the inverse transform is then sensed as the encrypted image. The inherent linearity that makes the system so elegant mitigates against its use as an effective encryption technique, but we show how a combination of optical and digital techniques can restore confidence in that security. We conclude with the concept of digital hologram image processing, and applications of same that are uniquely suited to optical implementation, where the processing, recognition, or encryption step operates on full field information, such as that emanating from a coherently illuminated real-world three-dimensional object.

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“…In this way we avoid the cross talking when reconstructing the encoded objects. We experimentally validated the procedure using a photorefractive crystal as a storing medium.Encryption techniques are of great importance for data protection [1,2]. In particular, the development of optical encryption attracted increasing interest for its high processing speed and high security level.…”

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confidence: 99%

Experimental encryption multiplexing based on a JTC scheme

Tebaldi

Vargas

Bolognini

et al. 2010

Photon. Lett. Poland

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Abstract-We present an alternative scheme to perform a multiple encrypting technique based on the use of a Joint Transform Correlator architecture. The basic approach relies on using an extra random phase mask placed before the correlator input plane, where we select different disjoint regions to encode each input object. In this way we avoid the cross talking when reconstructing the encoded objects. We experimentally validated the procedure using a photorefractive crystal as a storing medium.Encryption techniques are of great importance for data protection [1,2]. In particular, the development of optical encryption attracted increasing interest for its high processing speed and high security level. Conventional optical image-encryption methods are based on the 4-f correlator architecture that uses two random phase masks [1]. This scheme is known as Double Random Phase Encryption (DRPE). An experimental version of this setup was implemented by using photorefractive crystals as storing media. During the decryption procedure, the phase-conjugated beams of the encrypted data allow to obtain the input image [3][4][5]. Several variations of the (DRPE) were proposed in the literature, for instance working in the fractional Fourier domain [6] and by using digital holography [7], to name a few. Encryption techniques imply that the input image should not be recovered without employing the correct encoding key. It should be pointed out that the key code should not be inferred by hackers or unauthorized users. However, it was shown that encryption schemes present some weaknesses. In DRPE hackers demonstrated that they can access random phase keys in both the input plane and the Fourier plane. Chosen and known plaintext attacks [8,9] were employed to efficiently obtain the encoding keys of the system. The mentioned 4f scheme involves the generation of a phase conjugated beam to recover the input image. This holographic scheme requires precise alignment to be experimentally implemented. An alternative encryption technique based on JTC architecture (see Ref.[10]) introduces, in the input plane, both the object to be * E-mail: myrianc@ciop.unlp.edu.ar codified and the key code mask. In the decryption step, after an inverse FT of the joint power spectrum (JPS), which is illuminated by the FT of the exact key code mask, the input image is correctly recovered. This scheme can be also experimentally implemented by using a volume photorefractive intensity-sensitive crystal as storing media. Note that the JTC architecture is an inherent two step holographic set-up, avoiding the use of complex conjugate waves. It was also demonstrated the validity of algorithms for cracking the JTC encryption systems. However, multiplexing turns the system immune to the mentioned attacks, increasing therefore the encryption method security. Multiplexing techniques are based on encoding two or more input images and combining them into a single recording medium. Then, an intruder, who intercepts the encrypted multiplexed data, could not determine by si...

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Optoelectronic information encryption with phase-shifting interferometry

Cited by 222 publications

References 25 publications

Elemental Image Synthesis for Integral Imaging Using Phase-shifting Digital Holography

Elemental Image Synthesis for Integral Imaging Using Phase-shifting Digital Holography

Phase in Optical Image Processing

Experimental encryption multiplexing based on a JTC scheme

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