Optotheranostic Nanosystem with Phone Visual Diagnosis and Optogenetic Microbial Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis At-Home Care

Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract. However, the home care of UC based on remote monitoring, due to the operational complexity and time-consuming procedure, restrain its widespread applications. Here we constructed an optotheranostic nanosystem for self-diagnosis and long-acting mitigations of UC at home. The system included two major modules: (i) A disease prescreening module mediated by smartphone optical sensing. (ii) Disease real-time intervention module mediated by an optogenetic engineered bacteria system. Recombinant Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) secreted interleukin-10 (IL-10) could downregulate inflammatory cascades and matrix metalloproteinases; it is a candidate for use in the therapeutic intervention of UC. The results showed that the Detector was able to analyze, report, and share the detection results in less than 1 min, and the limit of detection was 15 ng·mL–1. Besides, the IL-10-secreting EcN treatment suppressed the intestinal inflammatory response in UC mice and protected the intestinal mucosa against injury. The optotheranostic nanosystems enabled solutions to diagnose and treat disease at home, which promotes a mobile health service development.

Engineered probiotics

“…Researchers engineered ECN to express interleukin-10 (IL-10), ketone body (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and Schistosoma immunomodulatory protein Sj16 and other substances. These substances can protect the intestinal mucosa by promoting the growth of probiotics, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, improving the intestinal microenvironment, and downregulating inflammatory response-related cells or proteins, so as to achieve the purpose of treating and relieving the symptoms of intestinal inflammation [ 12 , 19 , 28 ]. However, these studies have only made progress in mouse models.…”

Native and Engineered Probiotics: Promising Agents against Related Systemic and Intestinal Diseases

“…Functions/Benefits Reference express autotransporter 43 adhesins antigen use optogenetics to activate secretion against colitis/precise spatiotemporal colonization [198] express IL-10 phone visual diagnosis and optogenetics based secretion against colitis/mobile health service [199] express GLP-1 analog GLP-1 analog diminishes food intake against obesity [200] express N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines induce satiety against obesity [201] express antimicrobial peptides antimicrobial peptides target and kill Enterococcus against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus [202] develop a synthetic genetic system sense and kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa against Pseudomonas aeruginosa [203] express N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines reduce body weight, liver inflammation, fibrosis and atherosclerotic necrosis against cardiovascular metabolic disease [204] express PQQ and other metabolizing enzymes relieve oxidative stress against heavy metal toxicity/iron deficiency/fructoseinduced dyslipidemia/hyperglycemia/hepatic steatosis [205][206][207] express l-arg biosynthetic enzyme exhausts ammonia for L-arginine biosynthesis against hyperammonemia [208] express phenylalanine ammonia lyase and L-amino acid deaminase consume phenylalanine within the gastrointestinal tract against PKU [209] Express adjuvant therapeutic factors express 5-ALA 5-ALA contributes to photodynamic therapy against cancer [210] express CAT increase the production of O2 contributing to radiotherapy against cancer [211] produce…”

“…Through this technology, the recombinant EcN is activated to secrete autotransporter 43 adhesins antigen, achieving precise spatiotemporal regulation, which effectively alleviates colitis in mice [ 198 ]. Recently, recombinant IL-10-secreting EcN has been used in the optotheranostic nanosystem for UC as a real-time intervention module for long-lasting relief of the intestinal inflammatory responses [ 199 ], making it possible to diagnose and treat intestinal inflammation at home.…”

Developing sensor materials for screening intestinal diseases

“…Therefore, glucose analogues that cannot be degraded by the cells are used for targeting the tumor microenvironment, thereby distinguishing the tumor from normal tissues at the metabolic level. To date, a great deal of research has improved diagnostic efficiency and specificity in the intestine by combining these small-molecule substances with nanotechnology and engineered bacteria [130,131].…”