Oral retinoids-present status

Off-label uses of retinoids in dermatology

“…Women of childbearing age should use adequate contraception for at least three years after discontinuing the use of acitretin. Isotretinoin is an option in women of childbearing age as its elimination half life is short and adequate contraception should be maintained for at least one month after stopping the drug [33][34][35][36]. Patients may experience generalized pruritus [34,36,37].…”

“…Occur in nearly all patients receiving Isotretinoin and acitretin, but rarely lead to drug Cheilitis, dryness of theeyes, nasal and oral mucosa [36][37][38][39] Topical lubricants, application of artificial tearsand nose drops Epistaxis [37] Topical lubricants Dry skin, skin peeling [34][35][36] Topical lubricants Palmoplantar desquamation Topical lubricants Pruritus [34,36,37] Topical lubricants, and by avoiding exposure to sunlight Antihistamine drug (no improvement to another treatment) Temporary aggravation of the diseases During the first 4 weeks Acne may temporarily become worse [39,40] Oral administration of corticosteroids Aggravation of psoriasis with an increase of the body surface area involved [41] Topical retinoids or combined with a topical corticosteroid…”

Structure-activity relationships of retinoids in developmental toxicology

“…Several retinoids are used clinically for treatment of recalcitrant cystic and conglobate acne, Darier's disease, pustular psoriasis , lichen ruber planus, basal cell carcinoma, keratoacanthoma and melanoma (Peck, 1982;Orfanos, 1980). In mice certain retinoids exert a therapeutic influence on chemically-induced papillomas and carcinomas of the skin (Bollag, 1975), and in rats certain retinoids prevent cancer of the urinary bladder (Sporn et al , 1977) and mammary gland (Moon and McCormick, 1982;Hartmann and Bollag, 1985).…”

“…Certain retinoids exert a therapeutic influence on chemically induced papillomas and carcinomas of the skin of mice (Bollag, 1975) and prevent carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder (Sporn et al, 1977) and mammary gland (Moon and McCormick, 1982;Hartman and Bollag, 1985) of rats. The use of retinoids in anticancer and dermatologic therapy has been reviewed (Bollag, 1979;Cunningham and Ehmann, 1983;Hill and Grubbs , 1982;Lauharanta, 1980;Meyskens, 1983;Orfanos, 1980;Peck, 1981;Peck, 1982;Sporn and Roberts, 1983 (Eaton, 1978;Jowsey and Riggs, 1968;Gerber eta!., 1954).…”

Retinol oxidation to retinoic acid in human thyroid glandular cells

“…In particular, all-trans-(atRA) and 9-cisretinoic acid (9-cisRA) are considered the active metabolites of retinol, being implicated in a variety of biological functions 4 and having preventive or curative potential in some pathological conditions [5][6][7][8] . Retinoic acid homeostasis is controlled by a complex metabolic pathway, consisting of multiple steps and different enzymes 9,10 .…”