Orally administeredlactobacillusstrains differentially affect the direction and efficacy of the immune response

Abstract

organism may become pathogenic in the newborn if it is present in high numbers. There is still little understanding about the mechanisms that account for the beneficial effect of colonization with non-enteropathogenic E.coli strains. Both strains have g000d adhesive properties supported by the presence of tl (Colinfant strain) and FlA and F1C fimbriae (Mutaflor strain). The fact that receptors of the intestinal mucosa are occupied by the orally administered E.coli strains suggest a mechanism of interference preventing adhesion of other microbs including pathogens.Quantitative dominance of the implanted E.coli apparently associated with nutritive competition and colonization soon after birth carries several advantages for the first colonizer.By replacement of the natural, but incidental (sometime pathogenic) colonization of the intestine by a targeted, orally administered E.coli strain of advantageous properties we may have come upon one possibility of how to prevent infections of the alimentary tract but also other nosocomial infections particularly in formula-fed infants and high-risk newborns. CONCLUSIONS I. After oral administration of live vaccines COLINFANT and MUTAFLOR prepared from non-enteropathogenic E.coli strains, both strains colonized effectively the intestine in full-term and preterm infants and remained for many weeks.2. The presence of E.coli in the intestine stimulated significantly the antibody production in the gut, saliva and serum of colonized infants. 3. In full-term and premature infants the early presence of nonenteropathogenic E.coli strains in the intestine decreased significantly colonization of the intestine and also other mucosal surfaces of the body with pathogenic bacterial strains.4. The presence of the COLINFANT strain in the intestine decreased also significantly the number of nosocomial infections, the mortality rate in connection with infection, and the need for antibiotics.Both strains replaced pathogenic strains in carriers after treatment with antibiotics. Lodinová-Ldniková R, Tlaskalová-Hogenová H, Sonnenborn U. REFERENCENSLocal and serum antibody response in fullterm and premature infants after artificial colonization of the intestine with E.coli strain Nissle 1917 (Mutaflor). Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1992; 3: 43-8.8.Lodinová-Ldniková R, and Sonnenborn U. Effect of preventive administration of a nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain on the colonization of the intestine with microbial pathogens in newborn infants. In mice, strain dependent cytokine production profiles are induced after oral administration of Lactobacillus.Such a cytokine profile seems to determine the direction

Probiotics and immunity

“…There are several studies showing the exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a Th1-mediated model of multiple sclerosis, with certain Lactobacillus strains, including the well-established probiotic L. casei Shirota. [191][192][193] However, other probiotic strains are capable of ameliorating EAE, 194 and other experimental autoimmune diseases that are known to be Th1 mediated, such as various models of rheumatoid arthritis [195][196][197] or type 1 diabetes. 198 Together, these fi ndings highlight the need for care in choosing appropriate probiotic strains for particular applications.…”

Probiotics for Autoimmune Diseases: Is There a Benefit?

“…LcS was previously reported to increase the duration of clinical symptoms in a rat EAE model [54]. Because experiments involving LcS detected mainly enhancement of innate immune responses and promotion of Th1-mediated immune reactivity.…”

“…Some mice orally fed lactobacilli were demonstrated to have an increased Th1 cytokine production. And this type of immunomodulatory mechanism might exacerbate Th1-dependent ADs [32,54,55,92].  Th1-mediated immune response stimulation also seems to be dependent on type of disease model as well as probiotic strain.…”

“…Since conclusions on probiotics are limited to specific strains and models, they should not be generalized [32,54,55].  Probiotics should not be considered as completely harmless, particularly in the immunodeficient host, and more safety studies are needed [54,92].…”

“… Probiotics should not be considered as completely harmless, particularly in the immunodeficient host, and more safety studies are needed [54,92].  Physiological use (normal route, normal dose, normal growth phase, specific strain or substrain/species) is studied in all cases, so as not to overwhelm (high dose) or circumvent natural immune processing [54,92].…”