Orf Virus IL-10 and VEGF-E Act Synergistically to Enhance Healing of Cutaneous Wounds in Mice

Wise, Lyn M.; Stuart, Gabriella S.; Jones, Nicola C; Fleming, Stephen B.; Mercer, Andrew A.

doi:10.3390/jcm9041085

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Recent research shows that IL-10 combined with VEGF-A can promote wound closure, re-epithelialization, and collagen remodeling. However, compared with mammalian proteins, the viral proteins from the Orf virus, VEGF-E, and ovIL-10 treatment appear to cause less scarring, which was associated with greater therapeutic advantages ( 50 ). While treatment with IL-10 was primarily administered by injection, the dosage, concentration, loading approach, and combination with other drugs require additional systematic in vivo and in vitro studies.…”

Section: Il-10–targeting Treatment For Wound Scarringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Role of IL-10 in Hypertrophic Scars

et al. 2020

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Hypertrophic scars (HS) arise from traumatic or surgical injuries and the subsequent abnormal wound healing, which is characterized by continuous and histologically localized inflammation. Therefore, inhibiting local inflammation is an effective method of treating HS. Recent insight into the role of interleukin-10 (IL-10), an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, in fibrosis has increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of HS and has suggested new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the recent progress in elucidating the role of IL-10 in the formation of HS and its therapeutic potential based on current research. This knowledge will enhance our understanding of the role of IL-10 in scar formation and shed new light on the regulation and potential treatment of HS.

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Section: Il-10–targeting Treatment For Wound Scarringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Role of IL-10 in Hypertrophic Scars

et al. 2020

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“…It may not only cause great production losses in animal husbandry, but also affect human health [ 80 , 81 ]. The clinical symptoms of orf virus infection in animals are erythema, papules, and blisters on the lips and tongue, followed by severe ulceration and, finally, the formation of scabs [ 82 ]. The pathological features of orf virus infection in humans and animals are similar and are confined to the epidermis [ 83 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomics of the midgut microbiome of Rhipicephalus microplus from China

et al. 2022

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Background Ticks, which are ectoparasites of animals, may carry multiple pathogens. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is an important bovine parasite in China. However, the midgut microbiome of R. microplus from China has not been characterized via metagenomic methods. Methods Rhipicephalus microplus were collected from cattle in the city of Changsha in Hunan province, China. The DNA of the midgut contents was extracted from fully engorged adult female R. microplus. A DNA library was constructed and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform. SOAPdenovo software was used to assemble and analyze the clean data. The latent class analysis algorithm applied to system classification by MEGAN software was used to annotate the information on the species’ sequences. DIAMOND software was used to compare unigenes with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, and functional annotation was carried out based on the results of the comparison. Results The dominant phyla in the five samples were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Streptococcus, Mycobacterium, Anaplasma, Enterococcus, Shigella, Lactobacillus, Brachyspira, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Bacillus, and Lactococcus were the dominant genera in the five samples. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia was also detected in all of the samples. Mycobacterium malmesburyense, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Enterococcus faecium, Shigella sonnei, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus casei, Brachyspira hampsonii, Pseudomonas syringae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Lactococcus garvieae were the dominant species in the five samples. In addition to these bacterial species, we also detected some eukaryotes, such as Rhizophagus irregularis, Enterospora canceri, Smittium culicis, Zancudomyces culisetae, Trachipleistophora hominis, and viruses such as orf virus, human endogenous retrovirus type W, enzootic nasal tumor virus of goats, bovine retrovirus CH15, and galidia endogenous retrovirus in all of the samples at the species level. The results of the annotated KEGG pathway predictions for the gene functions of the midgut microflora of R. microplus indicated genes involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism, infectious diseases (e.g., Streptococcuspneumonia infection, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Shigellasonnei infection, Salmonella enterica infection, and pathogenic Escherichia coli infection), and cancer. Conclusions Our study revealed that the midgut microbiome of R. microplus is not only composed of a large number of bacteria, but that a portion also comprises eukaryotes and viruses. The data presented here enhance our understanding of this tick’s midgut microbiome and provide fundamental information for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Graphical Abstract

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“…Therefore, a reduction in IL-10 expression may drive part of the increase in pathology we observe following VACV infection of TCR -/mice. Such an increase in pathology may actually be detrimental to the virus, as some skin-tropic poxviruses encode an IL-10 homolog that enhances wound healing [94][95][96][97], indicating that IL-10 expression may be evolutionarily beneficial for the virus during natural skin infection, perhaps by inhibiting the chances of a competing local secondary bacterial infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

γδ T cells mediate a requisite portion of a wound healing response triggered by cutaneous poxvirus infection

Reider

Lin

Krouse

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Infection at peripheral sites, such as the skin, activates local innate immune defenses tasked with limiting spread of the pathogen while preserving tissue integrity. T cells bearing γδ T Cell Receptors (TCR), which comprise multiple phenotypically distinct subtypes of cells, reside in normal skin, where they shape immunity to cutaneous infection, prior to onset of an adaptive immune response by conventional αβ CD4+ (TCD4+) and CD8+ (TCD8+) T cells. The mechanisms used by γδ T cells to control virus replication and tissue pathology following cutaneous infection are unknown, so we examined the role of γδ T cells in the response to cutaneous infection with vaccinia virus (VACV). Resident γδ T cells in the skin expanded and combined with recruited γδ T cells to control the pathology observed after cutaneous VACV infection. However, we observed no defect in control of local virus replication or increased systemic spread in mice lacking γδ T cells, despite induction of a cytolytic response in a specialized subset of resident γδ T cells. While examining γδ T cell-mediated control of tissue pathology following cutaneous VACV infection, we identified a unique wound healing signature associated with cutaneous virus infection that has features that are common to, but also features that antagonize, the sterile cutaneous wound healing response. Typically, tissue repair is thought to occur only after clearance of a pathogen, but the viral wound healing signature was evident prior to the peak of virus replication in the skin. Resident and recruited γδ T cells contributed to this wound healing signature through induction of multiple cytokines and growth factors required for efficient wound closure. Therefore, γδ T cells are early mediators of the wound healing response following cutaneous virus infection and are likely important in maintenance of skin barrier function and prevention of secondary bacterial infection.Author Summaryγδ T cells resident in the skin are among the first immune cell types positioned to be able to respond to a virus infection of the skin. Therefore, it was assumed that these cells in the skin play a role similar to their role after widespread infection throughout the body, namely to kill virus infected cells and slow virus replication and spread. However, we found no role for γδ T cells in control of virus replication after infection of the skin. Rather, the γδ T cells functioned as a critical component of a previously unrecognized wound healing response that is started early after virus infection of the skin, and occurs at the same time as the immune response that aims to clear the virus. This study is the first to describe both the early wound healing response after virus infection, and the role of γδ T cells in that response, and this information could allow manipulation of this response to decrease secondary bacterial infection and change scarring after virus skin infections.

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Orf Virus IL-10 and VEGF-E Act Synergistically to Enhance Healing of Cutaneous Wounds in Mice

Cited by 15 publications

References 97 publications

Emerging Role of IL-10 in Hypertrophic Scars

Emerging Role of IL-10 in Hypertrophic Scars

Metagenomics of the midgut microbiome of Rhipicephalus microplus from China

γδ T cells mediate a requisite portion of a wound healing response triggered by cutaneous poxvirus infection

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