Organic Eluates Derived from Intermediate Restorative Dental Materials

Abstract

A great number of different types of materials have been used in dentistry as intermediate restoratives. Among them, new resin-based bases have been released in the dental market. The present study focuses on the identification of the organic eluates released from such materials and the study of their surface microstructure in combination with their corresponding elemental composition. For this purpose, the following materials were used:ACTIVA™BioACTIVE-BASE/LINER™, Ketac™Bond Glass Ionomer, SDR™ and Vitrebond™Light Cure Glass Ionomer Liner/Base. Methanolic leachates derived from polymerized materials were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) was used for the surface monitoring of suitably prepared specimens. The GC-MS analysis revealed the elution of twenty different substances from the three resin-based materials, while none was eluted from the glass ionomer base. The SEM analysis for Vitrebond™ presented small pits, the one for Ketac™Bond presented elongated cracks, while no voids were present for ACTIVA™BioACTIVE-BASE/LINER™ and SDR™. Moreover, the resin matrix of some dental materials may inhibit elements’ accumulation on the surface layers. Particularly, the detected organic eluents may be related to potential toxic effects.

Cytotoxic Evaluation and Determination of Organic and Inorganic Eluates from Restorative Materials

“…These findings are in accordance with results published by Michelsen et al [ 16 ]. The steric bulk of chiral structure of camphorquinone may lead to decreased diffusion rate to methanol despite the relatively low molecular weight, thus explaining the lower elution of CQ compared to DMABEE [ 30 ]. CQ may exhibit cytotoxic effects or cause cycle arrest and apoptosis of pulp cells [ 63 ].…”

“…Recently, bioactive glass has been added into dental materials in order to promote remineralization and hard tissue formation [ 30 , 31 ], and a series of products that according to manufacturer’s contain bioactive glass filler has been introduced in the dental market under the trade name Activa TM Bioactive (Pulpdent, Watertown, MA, USA). These materials contain patented bioactive ionic and moisture friendly resin, patented rubberized resin and reactive glass fillers, while they are known as bisphenol A and bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) free.…”

“…These materials contain patented bioactive ionic and moisture friendly resin, patented rubberized resin and reactive glass fillers, while they are known as bisphenol A and bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) free. Three chemical reactions take place during their setting process: chemical curing, light polymerization and acid-base reaction [ 30 , 32 , 33 ]. The newly introduced bioactive materials are supposed to release and recharge with calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions during the pH cycles of ionic exchange between teeth and saliva [ 30 ].…”

“…Three chemical reactions take place during their setting process: chemical curing, light polymerization and acid-base reaction [ 30 , 32 , 33 ]. The newly introduced bioactive materials are supposed to release and recharge with calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions during the pH cycles of ionic exchange between teeth and saliva [ 30 ].…”

Resin-based composite materials: elution and pollution

“…38,45,46 The elution of monomers from other RBC applications has also been investigated. These include intermediate restorative dental materials, 47 dental cements, 48 CAD/CAM blocks, 16 endodontic sealers, 49,50,51 bonding systems 52 and occlusal splint materials, 53 again with the focus on potential biocompatibility issues without consideration of environmental pollution.…”