Organizational violence and aggression: Development of the three-factor Violence Climate Survey

Psychosocial precursors and physical consequences of workplace violence towards nurses: A longitudinal examination with naturally occurring groups in hospital settings

“…The internal consistency reliability of its dimensions, as indexed by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, has been shown to be above 0.88 across two studies. The criterion-related validity of this scale has been supported by the prior research demonstrating that better climates are associated with less emotional strain (e.g., anger and anxiety), fewer somatic symptoms (e.g., digestion problems), and less physical and nonphysical violence exposure (Chang et al, in press;Kessler et al, 2008;Yang, 2009). Its three, 4-item subscales are violence practices and response (sample item: ''Management encourages employees to report physical violence''), violence policies and procedures (sample item: ''In my unit, violence prevention procedures are detailed'', and pressure against violence prevention (sample item: ''In my unit, whenever pressure builds up, the preference is to do the job as fast as possible, even if that means compromising violence prevention'').…”

“…It captures organizational prevention of both physical and nonphysical violence. (Chang et al, in press;Kessler et al, 2008). The internal consistency reliability of its dimensions, as indexed by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, has been shown to be above 0.88 across two studies.…”

“…It goes beyond the prior research in this area that relied mainly on cross-sectional designs, finding that violence prevention climate relates to violence exposure (Kessler et al, 2008;Spector et al, 2007).…”

“…The 12-item shortened organizational violence climate scale was utilized (Kessler et al, 2008). It is a multidimensional expanded version of the original single dimension scale used in a nursing sample by Spector (2007).…”

“…The present paper describes such a longitudinal study that simultaneously examines violence prevention climate as a potential precursor, and somatic symptoms (e.g., digestive problems) and musculoskeletal disorder symptoms (e.g., shoulder pain) as potential consequences of physical violence. Specifically, violence prevention climate is a new construct that represents the extent to which employees perceive that the organization emphasizes the control and elimination of physical and nonphysical violence (Kessler et al, 2008;Spector et al, 2007).…”