Orientation and direction tuning align with dendritic morphology and spatial connectivity in mouse visual cortex

Weiler, Simon; Nilo, Drago Guggiana; Bonhoeffer, Tobias; Hübener, Mark; Rose, Tobias; Scheuss, Volker

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.048

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…These organelles account for local functions including protein synthesis and transport, generated within or in their proximity [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Relevant to this organization and function are the cytoskeletons of both actin and microtubules [ 16 , 17 ]. In addition, post-synaptic areas are important for other functions, including regulation of ionic homeostasis [ 15 ].…”

Section: Flat/intended/aspine Post-synapsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microtubules, operative from their specific cytoskeleton, are important for both the composition and orientation of dendritic fibers and synapses. At variance with the distal pointing of the plus end, typical of axons, the microtubules of dendrites are of mixed distribution [ 1 , 16 ].…”

Section: Flat/intended/aspine Post-synapsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the flat/intended/aspine dendritic post-synapses, the role of actin and microtubule cytoskeletons [ 16 , 17 ] depends on their interaction with receptors. Two types of ionotropic glutamatatergic receptors are included in the post-synaptic PSDs: NMDA, largely stable, and AMPA, widely distributed also in the extra-synaptic plasma membrane.…”

Section: Flat/intended/aspine Post-synapsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the activity of other inhibitory receptors, such as glycine and gephyrin receptors, does not depend on actin. Their direct regulation by microtubules induces their peculiar distribution on PSDs [ 16 , 19 ].…”

Section: Flat/intended/aspine Post-synapsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a whole, however, the structure of spinal post-synapses is not stable but continuously adjusted. The mechanisms of such adjustments, based on the present knowledge of molecular spine regulation, depend on the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and its sub-synaptic structures [ 16 , 42 ]. Interesting results in this area have been obtained by comparing the differences of post-synapses occurring in mice after sleep and appropriate stimulation.…”

Section: Post-synapses With Spinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-Synapses in the Brain: Role of Dendritic and Spine Structures

Meldolesi

2022

Biomedicines

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Brain synapses are neuronal structures of the greatest interest. For a long time, however, the knowledge about them was variable, and interest was mostly focused on their pre-synaptic portions, especially neurotransmitter release from axon terminals. In the present review interest is focused on post-synapses, the structures receiving and converting pre-synaptic messages. Upon further modulation, such messages are transferred to dendritic fibers. Dendrites are profoundly different from axons; they are shorter and of variable thickness. Their post-synapses are of two types. Those called flat/intended/aspines, integrated into dendritic fibers, are very frequent in inhibitory neurons. The spines, small and stemming protrusions, connected to dendritic fibers by their necks, are present in almost all excitatory neurons. Several structures and functions including the post-synaptic densities and associated proteins, the nanoscale mechanisms of compartmentalization, the cytoskeletons of actin and microtubules, are analogous in the two post-synaptic forms. However other properties, such as plasticity and its functions of learning and memory, are largely distinct. Several properties of spines, including emersion from dendritic fibers, growth, change in shape and decreases in size up to disappearance, are specific. Spinal heads correspond to largely independent signaling compartments. They are motile, their local signaling is fast, however transport through their thin necks is slow. When single spines are activated separately, their dendritic effects are often lacking; when multiple spines are activated concomitantly, their effects take place. Defects of post-synaptic responses, especially those of spines, take place in various brain diseases. Here alterations affecting symptoms and future therapy are shown to occur in neurodegenerative diseases and autism spectrum disorders.

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