Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes

Grewe, Volker; Brunner, Dominik; Dameris, Martin; Grenfell, John Lee; Hein, R.; Shindell, D. T.; Staehelin, J.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00134-0

Cited by 184 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Updraught mass flux on its own is typically not enough to provide a robust parametrisation -at least not with the formulation here. An alternative parametrisation by Grewe et al (2001) exists which incorporates updraught mass flux into Eq. 3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous investigations have found several empirical relationships between lightning and convective variables including relationships based on cloud-top height (Price and Rind, 1992), updraught mass flux (Grewe et al, 2001;Allen and Pickering, 2002) and convective precipitation (Meijer et al, 2001;Allen and Pickering, 2002). The cloud-top height parametrisation is the most widely, almost universally, used but this is not considered ideal because it lacks a direct, physical link with the charging mechanism and because it has a fifth-power relationship for land which introduces large errors for any model bias in cloud-top height (Allen and Pickering, 2002;Tost et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using cloud ice flux to parametrise large-scale lightning

et al. 2014

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Abstract.Lightning is an important natural source of nitrogen oxide especially in the middle and upper troposphere. Hence, it is essential to represent lightning in chemistry transport and coupled chemistry-climate models. Using ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis data we compare the lightning flash density distributions produced using several existing lightning parametrisations, as well as a new parametrisation developed on the basis of upward cloud ice flux at 440 hPa. The use of ice flux forms a link to the non-inductive charging mechanism of thunderstorms. Spatial and temporal distributions of lightning flash density are compared to tropical and subtropical observations for 2007-2011 from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The well-used lightning flash parametrisation based on cloud-top height has large biases but the derived annual total flash density has a better spatial correlation with the LIS observations than other existing parametrisations. A comparison of flash density simulated by the different schemes shows that the cloud-top height parametrisation has many more instances of moderate flash densities and fewer low and high extremes compared to the other parametrisations. Other studies in the literature have shown that this feature of the cloud-top height parametrisation is in contrast to lightning observations over certain regions. Our new ice flux parametrisation shows a clear improvement over all the existing parametrisations with lower root mean square errors (RMSEs) and better spatial correlations with the observations for distributions of annual total, and seasonal and interannual variations. The greatest improvement with the new parametrisation is a more realistic representation of the zonal distribution with a better balance between tropical and subtropical lightning flash estimates. The new parametrisation is appropriate for testing in chemistry transport and chemistry-climate models that use a lightning parametrisation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using cloud ice flux to parametrise large-scale lightning

et al. 2014

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“…Here, we apply the parameterization by Grewe et al (2001), which links the flash frequency to the updraft velocity. The flash frequency obtained by this parameterization is scaled with 3.81459 for all simulations at L90MA and with 6.548 for all simulations at L47MA vertical resolution.…”

Section: Lightning No Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling (ESCiMo) with the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) version 2.51

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Three types of reference simulations, as recommended by the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI), have been performed with version 2.51 of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts -Hamburg (ECHAM)/Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model: hindcast simulations , hindcast simulations with specified dynamics , i.e. nudged towards ERA-Interim reanalysis data, and combined hindcast and projection simulations . The manuscript summarizes the updates of the model system and details the different model set-ups used, including the on-line calculated diagnostics. Simulations have been performed with two different nudging setups, with and without interactive tropospheric aerosol, and with and without a coupled ocean model. Two different vertical resolutions have been applied. The on-line calculated sources and sinks of reactive species are quantified and a first evaluation of the simulation results from a global perspective is provided as a quality check of the data. The focus is on the intercomparison of the different model set-ups. The simulation data will become publicly available via CCMI and the Climate and Environmental Retrieval and Archive (CERA) database of the German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ). This manuscript is intended to serve as an extensive reference for further analyses of the Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling (ESCiMo) simulations.

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“…A climatology of typical injection vertical profiles is used for forest and savannah fire emissions (D. Lavoué, personal communication, 2005). Aircraft NO emissions are from Grewe et al [2001]. Lightning NOx emissions are parameterized following Grewe et al [2002], and are proportional to the calculated flash frequency and distributed vertically using a C-shaped profile.…”

Section: Tropospheric Chemistry Module Mozmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace gas and aerosol interactions in the fully coupled model of aerosol‐chemistry‐climate ECHAM5‐HAMMOZ: 1. Model description and insights from the spring 2001 TRACE‐P experiment

et al. 2008

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[1] In this paper, we introduce the ECHAM5-HAMMOZ aerosol-chemistry-climate model that includes fully interactive simulations of Ox-NOx-hydrocarbons chemistry and of aerosol microphysics (including prognostic size distribution and mixing state of aerosols) implemented in the General Circulation Model ECHAM5. The photolysis rates used in the gas chemistry account for aerosol and cloud distributions and a comprehensive set of heterogeneous reactions is implemented. The model is evaluated with trace gas and aerosol observations provided by the TRACE-P aircraft experiment. Sulfate concentrations are well captured but black carbon concentrations are underestimated. The number concentrations, surface areas, and optical properties are reproduced fairly well near the surface but underestimated in the upper troposphere. CO concentrations are well reproduced in general while O 3 concentrations are overestimated by 10-20 ppbv. We find that heterogeneous chemistry significantly influences the regional and global distributions of a number of key trace gases. Heterogeneous reactions reduce the ozone surface concentrations by 18-23% over the TRACE-P region and the global annual mean O 3 burden by 7%. The annual global mean OH concentration decreases by 10% inducing a 7% increase in the global CO burden. Annual global mean HNO 3 surface concentration decreases by 15% because of heterogenous reaction on mineral dust. A comparison of our results to those from previous studies suggests that the choice of uptake coefficients for a given species is the critical parameter that determines the global impact of heterogeneous chemistry on a trace gas (rather than the description of aerosol properties and distributions). A prognostic description of the size distribution and mixing state of the aerosols is important, however, to account for the effect of heterogeneous chemistry on aerosols as further discussed in the second part of this two-part series.Citation: Pozzoli, L., I. Bey, S. Rast, M. G. Schultz, P. Stier, and J. Feichter (2008), Trace gas and aerosol interactions in the fully coupled model of aerosol-chemistry-climate ECHAM5-HAMMOZ: 1. Model description and insights from the spring 2001 TRACE-P experiment,

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Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes

Cited by 184 publications

References 32 publications

Using cloud ice flux to parametrise large-scale lightning

Using cloud ice flux to parametrise large-scale lightning

Earth System Chemistry integrated Modelling (ESCiMo) with the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) version 2.51

Trace gas and aerosol interactions in the fully coupled model of aerosol‐chemistry‐climate ECHAM5‐HAMMOZ: 1. Model description and insights from the spring 2001 TRACE‐P experiment

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