Orthohepevirus C: An Expanding Species of Emerging Hepatitis E Virus Variants

Wang, Bo; Harms, Dominik; Yang, Xing‐Lou; Bock, C.‐Thomas

doi:10.3390/pathogens9030154

Cited by 47 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Zoonotic viruses capable of infecting a more diverse range of host species have higher pandemic potential in humans than those with a narrower host specificity: they are more likely to be amplified by human-to-human transmission, and spread on a global scale (201,215). Host traits play a role in transmission, and the proportion of zoonotic viruses per mammal species has been linked with phylogenetic relatedness to humans, host taxonomy, host biomass and density, and opportunities for human contact (194,211,(216)(217)(218)(219). Certain mammalian groups (bats, rodents, primates) have been suggested as more likely to host zoonotic viruses (194,215); though recent analysis suggest bats and rodents host high numbers of zoonoses simply due to the high degree of species richness within these orders, not as a result of intrinsic or ecological differences (220).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Zoonoses From Hunting and Use of Wildlife in North American Arctic and Boreal Biomes: Pandemic Potential, Monitoring, and Mitigation

Keatts

Robards

Olson

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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The COVID-19 pandemic has re-focused attention on mechanisms that lead to zoonotic disease spillover and spread. Commercial wildlife trade, and associated markets, are recognized mechanisms for zoonotic disease emergence, resulting in a growing global conversation around reducing human disease risks from spillover associated with hunting, trade, and consumption of wild animals. These discussions are especially relevant to people who rely on harvesting wildlife to meet nutritional, and cultural needs, including those in Arctic and boreal regions. Global policies around wildlife use and trade can impact food sovereignty and security, especially of Indigenous Peoples. We reviewed known zoonotic pathogens and current risks of transmission from wildlife (including fish) to humans in North American Arctic and boreal biomes, and evaluated the epidemic and pandemic potential of these zoonoses. We discuss future concerns, and consider monitoring and mitigation measures in these changing socio-ecological systems. While multiple zoonotic pathogens circulate in these systems, risks to humans are mostly limited to individual illness or local community outbreaks. These regions are relatively remote, subject to very cold temperatures, have relatively low wildlife, domestic animal, and pathogen diversity, and in many cases low density, including of humans. Hence, favorable conditions for emergence of novel diseases or major amplification of a spillover event are currently not present. The greatest risk to northern communities from pathogens of pandemic potential is via introduction with humans visiting from other areas. However, Arctic and boreal ecosystems are undergoing rapid changes through climate warming, habitat encroachment, and development; all of which can change host and pathogen relationships, thereby affecting the probability of the emergence of new (and re-emergence of old) zoonoses. Indigenous leadership and engagement in disease monitoring, prevention and response, is vital from the outset, and would increase the success of such efforts, as well as ensure the protection of Indigenous rights as outlined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Partnering with northern communities and including Indigenous Knowledge Systems would improve the timeliness, and likelihood, of detecting emerging zoonotic risks, and contextualize risk assessments to the unique human-wildlife relationships present in northern biomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Zoonoses From Hunting and Use of Wildlife in North American Arctic and Boreal Biomes: Pandemic Potential, Monitoring, and Mitigation

Keatts

Robards

Olson

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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“…Finally, HEV-8 has been detected in Bactrian camels [ 50 , 51 ]. In addition, there are many as-yet unclassified HEV strains identified from moose [ 52 , 53 ], tree shrew (GenBank accession number KR905549), sparrow [ 54 ], silkie fowl [ 55 ], little egret [ 56 ], hamster [ 57 ], voles [ 58 , 59 ], and various bats [ 60 ].…”

Section: Genome and Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Cross-Species Transmission, Adaptive Evolution and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis E Virus

Primadharsini

Nagashima

Okamoto

2021

Viruses

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. While the transmission in developing countries is dominated by fecal-oral route via drinking contaminated water, the zoonotic transmission is the major route of HEV infection in industrialized countries. The discovery of new HEV strains in a growing number of animal species poses a risk to zoonotic infection. However, the exact mechanism and the determinant factors of zoonotic infection are not completely understood. This review will discuss the current knowledge on the mechanism of cross-species transmission of HEV infection, including viral determinants, such as the open reading frames (ORFs), codon usage and adaptive evolution, as well as host determinants, such as host cellular factors and the host immune status, which possibly play pivotal roles during this event. The pathogenesis of hepatitis E infection will be briefly discussed, including the special forms of this disease, including extrahepatic manifestations, chronic infection, and fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women.

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“…A rat HEV strain of Orthohepevirus C was found in a patient with persistent hepatitis after liver transplantation, suggesting the zoonotic potential of this species [ 25 ]. The genomic variability and potential risk of cross-species infection of Orthohepevirus C strains have been reviewed elsewhere [ 26 , 27 ]. Along with the isolation of HEV from more wild and domestic animals, an evolution of the virus taxonomy is expected in the future.…”

Section: Hev Taxonomy and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Hepatitis E Virus Biology and Pathogenesis

Lin

Zhang

2021

Viruses

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the causative agents for liver inflammation across the world. HEV is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Human HEV strains mainly belong to four major genotypes in the genus Orthohepevirus A, family Hepeviridae. Among the four genotypes, genotype 1 and 2 are obligate human pathogens, and genotype 3 and 4 cause zoonotic infections. HEV infection with genotype 1 and 2 mainly presents as acute and self-limiting hepatitis in young adults. However, HEV infection of pregnant women with genotype 1 strains can be exacerbated to fulminant hepatitis, resulting in a high rate of case fatality. As pregnant women maintain the balance of maternal-fetal tolerance and effective immunity against invading pathogens, HEV infection with genotype 1 might dysregulate the balance and cause the adverse outcome. Furthermore, HEV infection with genotype 3 can be chronic in immunocompromised patients, with rapid progression, which has been a challenge since it was reported years ago. The virus has a complex interaction with the host cells in downregulating antiviral factors and recruiting elements to generate a conducive environment of replication. The virus-cell interactions at an early stage might determine the consequence of the infection. In this review, advances in HEV virology, viral life cycle, viral interference with the immune response, and the pathogenesis in pregnant women are discussed, and perspectives on these aspects are presented.

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Orthohepevirus C: An Expanding Species of Emerging Hepatitis E Virus Variants

Cited by 47 publications

References 78 publications

Implications of Zoonoses From Hunting and Use of Wildlife in North American Arctic and Boreal Biomes: Pandemic Potential, Monitoring, and Mitigation

Implications of Zoonoses From Hunting and Use of Wildlife in North American Arctic and Boreal Biomes: Pandemic Potential, Monitoring, and Mitigation

Mechanism of Cross-Species Transmission, Adaptive Evolution and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis E Virus

Advances in Hepatitis E Virus Biology and Pathogenesis

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