Osteon: Structure, Turnover, and Regeneration

Chang, Bei; Liu, Xiaohua

doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0322

Cited by 56 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 159 publications

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“…Bone tissue exists in two main subtypes: cortical (or compact) on the outer surfaces, and cancellous (also known as spongy, or trabecular) in the interior [ 33 ]. The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon, or Haversian system, which consists of a central canal serving as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves, surrounded by tubular subunits of bone ECM, namely, the bone lamellae [ 34 ]. On the other hand, Volkmann’s canals are other vascular channels that run perpendicular to the major axis of the osteons ( Figure 3 A).…”

Section: Vascularized Bone As a “Piezoelectric” Regenerative Targetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are stellate cells, with a biconvex-shaped cellular body and numerous cytoplasmic extensions. As such, between the plasma membrane of the cell body and the extensions, the mineralized matrix remains a thin space occupied by osteoid tissue [ 34 ]. On bony surfaces, the osteoblasts are responsible for the synthesis and mineralization of the matrix; in addition, they are joined together with the neighboring osteocytes through gap junctions, through which the cells exchange signal molecules for the coordination of the metabolism and deposition of the bone matrix.…”

Section: Vascularized Bone As a “Piezoelectric” Regenerative Targetmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Piezoelectric Signals in Vascularized Bone Regeneration

et al. 2021

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The demand for bone substitutes is increasing in Western countries. Bone graft substitutes aim to provide reconstructive surgeons with off-the-shelf alternatives to the natural bone taken from humans or animal species. Under the tissue engineering paradigm, biomaterial scaffolds can be designed by incorporating bone stem cells to decrease the disadvantages of traditional tissue grafts. However, the effective clinical application of tissue-engineered bone is limited by insufficient neovascularization. As bone is a highly vascularized tissue, new strategies to promote both osteogenesis and vasculogenesis within the scaffolds need to be considered for a successful regeneration. It has been demonstrated that bone and blood vases are piezoelectric, namely, electric signals are locally produced upon mechanical stimulation of these tissues. The specific effects of electric charge generation on different cells are not fully understood, but a substantial amount of evidence has suggested their functional and physiological roles. This review summarizes the special contribution of piezoelectricity as a stimulatory signal for bone and vascular tissue regeneration, including osteogenesis, angiogenesis, vascular repair, and tissue engineering, by considering different stem cell sources entailed with osteogenic and angiogenic potential, aimed at collecting the key findings that may enable the development of successful vascularized bone replacements useful in orthopedic and otologic surgery.

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Section: Vascularized Bone As a “Piezoelectric” Regenerative Targetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vascularized Bone As a “Piezoelectric” Regenerative Targetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Piezoelectric Signals in Vascularized Bone Regeneration

et al. 2021

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“…The cortical bone is less porous and presents better mechanical stiffness than cancellous bone, which has approximately ten percent of the cortical bone stiffness [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Osteons inside the cortical bone form units with a Haversian system containing nerves and blood vessels [ 10 ]. Cancellous bones do not possess osteons with the Haversian system, but this aspect does not impact the blood vessel stream, which is a consequence of the high bone porosity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Regeneration and Oxidative Stress: An Updated Overview

et al. 2022

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Bone tissue engineering is a complex domain that requires further investigation and benefits from data obtained over past decades. The models are increasing in complexity as they reveal new data from co-culturing and microfluidics applications. The in vitro models now focus on the 3D medium co-culturing of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes utilizing collagen for separation; this type of research allows for controlled medium and in-depth data analysis. Oxidative stress takes a toll on the domain, being beneficial as well as destructive. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules that influence the differentiation of osteoclasts, but over time their increasing presence can affect patients and aid the appearance of diseases such as osteoporosis. Oxidative stress can be limited by using antioxidants such as vitamin K and N‑acetyl cysteine (NAC). Scaffolds and biocompatible coatings such as hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass are required to isolate the implant, protect the zone from the metallic, ionic exchange, and enhance the bone regeneration by mimicking the composition and structure of the body, thus enhancing cell proliferation. The materials can be further functionalized with growth factors that create a better response and higher chances of success for clinical use. This review highlights the vast majority of newly obtained information regarding bone tissue engineering, such as new co-culturing models, implant coatings, scaffolds, biomolecules, and the techniques utilized to obtain them.

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“…In contrast, cancellous bone shows very high porosity and only about 10 percent of the mechanical stiffness of cortical bone. Within the cortical bone, osteons form functional units that have the so-called haversian canals in the center, which contain nerves and blood vessels [ 3 , 4 ]. These osteons with the associated haversian canals are not found in cancellous bone and are also not necessary for the blood vessel supply due to the high porosity of this bone compartment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascularization Strategies in Bone Tissue Engineering

Šimunović

Finkenzeller

2021

Cells

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Bone is a highly vascularized tissue, and its development, maturation, remodeling, and regeneration are dependent on a tight regulation of blood vessel supply. This condition also has to be taken into consideration in the context of the development of artificial tissue substitutes. In classic tissue engineering, bone-forming cells such as primary osteoblasts or mesenchymal stem cells are introduced into suitable scaffolds and implanted in order to treat critical-size bone defects. However, such tissue substitutes are initially avascular. Because of the occurrence of hypoxic conditions, especially in larger tissue substitutes, this leads to the death of the implanted cells. Therefore, it is necessary to devise vascularization strategies aiming at fast and efficient vascularization of implanted artificial tissues. In this review article, we present and discuss the current vascularization strategies in bone tissue engineering. These are based on the use of angiogenic growth factors, the co-implantation of blood vessel forming cells, the ex vivo microfabrication of blood vessels by means of bioprinting, and surgical methods for creating surgically transferable composite tissues.

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Osteon: Structure, Turnover, and Regeneration

Cited by 56 publications

References 159 publications

Piezoelectric Signals in Vascularized Bone Regeneration

Piezoelectric Signals in Vascularized Bone Regeneration

Bone Regeneration and Oxidative Stress: An Updated Overview

Vascularization Strategies in Bone Tissue Engineering

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