Outage-aware Matching Game Approach for Cell Selection in LTE/WLAN Multi-RAT HetNets

Location and User Association Optimization in Multiple Radio Access UAV-Assisted Heterogeneous IoT Networks

“…Where a, and b are constants called the S-curve parameters, which depend on the carrier frequency and the environment type; and θ = 180 π × sin −1 hm dim is the elevation angle such that h m is the altitude of UBS m. Hence, the NLoS probability can be calculated by P NLoS im = 1 − P LoS im . The path loss model between WD i and FBS m ∈ F\U is modeled as follow [10], [11]:…”

“…Where f represents the operating frequency in MHz. Moreover, the path loss model for WD i and MBS m = 1 can be calculated as follows [10], [11]:…”

“…For LTE-BSs (i.e., MBS, FBSs, and FUBSs), we assume that the radio channels at each LTE-BS are equally allocated to the associated WDs, and the transmission power is equally allocated to the available radio channels at each LTE-BS. Therefore, the downlink average Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) at WD i ∈ I from MBS m = 1, can be expressed as follows [10], [11]:…”

“…Similarly, the average downlink SINR for WD i associated with FBS m ∈ F can be calculated by [10], [11]:…”

“…Since most smart devices and IoT systems are equipped with WLAN modules, Multi-RAT HetNets show a promising solution for expanding network capacities and the spectrum scarcity problem [10]. However, offering multiple different technologies for mobile users complicates the problem of effectively associating users to the best base station to enhance the overall performance [11]. On the other hand, this static network architecture is not able to deal with sudden traffic surges in hotspot areas such as stadiums, concerts, and shopping mall events, where the network becomes over-congested as it was not designed to tolerate such traffic.…”