Overview of Powertrain Electrification and Future Scenarios for Non-Road Mobile Machinery

Abstract

Powertrain electrification continues to be a growing trend in vehicular applications. Electric powertrains have numerous advantages over traditional mechanical and hydraulic powertrains but there are still important challenges to overcome for long-term commercial success. This research presents a technological assessment of present and future developments of powertrain electrification in non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). The challenges and opportunities of NRMM electrification are described in detail. The trends and drivers related to technological development such as regulations, policies and market development are analyzed, and technology enablers are highlighted. Future scenarios are formulated based on the prevailing trends and drivers, development of key components, scientific literature and status of the non-road mobile machinery industry. Some recommendations are also given in relation to the development of hybrid and electric powertrains for NRMM. The key findings of this research indicate that the electrification of NRMM is slowly started and the progress is demonstrated by hybridization of some specific, successful mobile machines. In short-term, high component and technology development costs remain the main barrier for higher adoption of electric and hybrid powertrains. In the long-term scenario, many NRMM can operate autonomously and powertrain electrification has become mainstream technology.

Modeling of an Electric Tractor and Determining Energy Consumption Values In Different Duties

“…In recent years, there has been increasing attention paid to the electrification of non-road mobile machinery, focusing on the machinery involved in construction and agricultural applications [1]. The tractor is a wheeled or tracked vehicle used for the traction of agricultural machinery [2].…”

“…Compare that with charging or discharging batteries 80% with the efficiency, while electric tractors are more efficient. The adoption of electric machines and battery technologies together with efficient diesel engines or, in some cases, replacing them in full electric configurations can reduce or completely avoid ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE e-ISSN:2757-9077 https://sciperspective.com/ Research Paper local pollutant emissions [12,13,14]. Electric motors have certain drawbacks, such as charging and the need for costly line extensions [15].…”

A Model-Based Design Approach for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Tractor Energy Management Strategy Using Hardware in the Loop Technique

“…As discussed in literature, NRMMs electrification can improve their efficiency [11][12][13][14]. The adoption of electric machines and battery technologies together with efficient diesel engines or, in some cases, replacing them in full electric configurations can reduce or completely avoid local pollutant emissions [15].…”

Optimal energy management strategy of fuel‐cell battery hybrid electric mining truck to achieve minimum lifecycle operation costs

“…Antti Lajunen has identified that the mining ventilation cost is a major cost‐saving factor for clean fuel cell propulsion in addition to its higher energy efficiency, 1 finding the mining vehicles a niche application market for FCEVs. With technology advances, the PEMFC technology is getting more cost‐competitive for off‐road mining trucks 2 . However, the investment cost and service life of PEMFC systems still hinder their wide adoption and commercialization at present.…”