“…Unlike traditional strategies such as deploying artificial noise or utilizing multi-antenna beamforming, which require costly radio frequency chains, RISs operate by passively reflecting signals, offering a more efficient and cost-effective method for improving secrecy performance (Almohamad et al, 2020). Moreover, integrating RISs into current wireless networks is straightforward since they can be installed on various structures like roadside billboards, building facades, windows, or even wearable garments (Bae et al, 2024).…”