Overview on the Gran and other linearisation methods applied in titrimetric analyses

Michałowski, Tadeusz; Toporek, Marcin; Rymanowski, Maciej

doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2004.08.053

Cited by 64 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Such a requirement is fulfilled by some methods applied in potentiometric analysis; the best known ones are the Gran methods considered e.g., in Refs. [3,6,65,77]. The Gran methods of V eq determination can replace the currently used first-derivative method in the potentiometric titration procedure.…”

Section: Intermediary Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proton consumption or generation occurs in redox, complexation, or precipitation reactions [47], for example in titration of arsenite(þ3) solution with I 2 þ KI solution [18]; zinc salt solution with EDTA [97]; cyanide according to a (modified) Liebig-Denigès method [65,102,103].…”

Section: Other Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presumable reasons of G(I) factual rejection (this statement was nowhere pronounced in literature) were clearly presented in the chapter [65], where G(I) and G(II) were thoroughly discussed. It was stated that the main reason of rejection was too high error, inherent in the simplified model that can be brought to the approximation…”

Section: Introductory Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(40) is valid only at |x| << 1. To extend the x range, Michałowski suggested the approximation [6] lnð1 þ xÞ¼ x 1 þ x=2 ð41Þ that appeared to be better than expansion of ln(1þx) into the Maclaurin series, up to the 18th term at |x| ≤ 1 [65], see Figure 8.…”

Section: Introductory Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Principles of Titrimetric Analyses According to Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems (GATES)

Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk¹,

Spórna‐Kucab²,

Michałowski³

2017

Advances in Titration Techniques

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The generalized equivalent mass (GEM) concept, based on firm algebraic foundations of the generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES), is considered and put against the equivalent "weight" concept, based on a "fragile" stoichiometric reaction notation still advocated by IUPAC. The GEM is formulated a priori, with no relevance to a stoichiometry. GEM is formulated in a unified manner, and referred to systems of any degree of complexity with special emphasis put on redox systems, where generalized electron balance (GEB) is involved. GEM is formulated on the basis of all attainable (and preselected) physicochemical knowledge on the system in question, and resolved with use of iterative computer programs. It is possible to calculate coordinates of the end points taken from the vicinity of equivalence point. This way, one can choose (among others) a proper indicator and the most appropriate (from analytical viewpoint) color change of the indicator. Some interpolative and extrapolative methods of equivalence volume V eq determination are recalled and discussed. The GATES realized for GEM purposes provides the basis for optimization of analytical procedures a priori. The GATES procedure realized for GEM purposes enables to foresee and optimize new analytical methods, or modify, improve, and optimize old analytical methods.

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Section: Intermediary Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductory Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductory Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Principles of Titrimetric Analyses According to Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems (GATES)

Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk¹,

Spórna‐Kucab²,

Michałowski³

2017

Advances in Titration Techniques

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“…The characterization of the functional groups on P. oceanica that are involved in binding the metals was carried out by acid-base titration test and analyzed according to the Gran Method [36,37]. Biosorbent materials (i.e, 5 g leaves of P. oceanica in 100 mL deionised water) were titrated using standard solutions of NaOH 1 N (basic branch, Sigma-AldrichH) and H 2 SO 4 0.1 N (acid branch, Sigma-AldrichH).…”

Section: Characterization Of Functional Groups: Titration Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

- Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater from Used Industrial Oil Recovery

2015

Ecological Technologies for Industrial Wastewater Management

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The use of dried and re-hydrated biomass of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica was investigated as an alternative and -lowcost biomaterial for removal of vanadium(III) and molybdenum(V) from wastewaters. Initial characterisation of this biomaterial identified carboxylic groups on the cuticle as potentially responsible for cation sorption, and confirmed the toxic-metal bioaccumulation. The combined effects on biosorption performance of equilibrium pH and metal concentrations were investigated in an ideal single-metal system and in more real-life multicomponent systems. There were either with one metal (vanadium or molybdenum) and sodium nitrate, as representative of high ionic strength systems, or with the two metals (vanadium and molybdenum). For the single-metal solutions, the optimum was at pH 3, where a significant proportion of vanadium was removed (ca. 70%) while there was ca. 40% adsorption of molybdenum. The data obtained from the more real-life multicomponent systems showed that biosorption of one metal was improved both by the presence of the other metal and by high ionic strength, suggesting a synergistic effect on biosorption rather than competition. There data ware used for the development of a simple multi-metal equilibrium model based on the noncompetitive Langmuir approach, which was successfully fitted to experimental data and represents a useful support tool for the prediction of biosorption performance in such real-life systems. Overall, the results suggest that biomass of P. oceanica can be used as an efficient biosorbent for removal of vanadium(III) and molybdenum(V) from aqueous solutions. This process thus offers an eco-compatible solution for the reuse of the waste material of leaves that accumulate on the beach due to both human activities and to storms at sea.

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Potentiometric Sensors

Bănică

2012

Chemical Sensors and Biosensors

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Overview on the Gran and other linearisation methods applied in titrimetric analyses

Cited by 64 publications

References 33 publications

Principles of Titrimetric Analyses According to Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems (GATES)

Principles of Titrimetric Analyses According to Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems (GATES)

- Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewater from Used Industrial Oil Recovery

Potentiometric Sensors

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