Oxidant stress in the vasculature

Abstract

Vascular disease and vasomotor responses are largely influenced by oxidant stress. Superoxide is generated via the cellular oxidase systems, xanthine oxidase, and NADH/NADPH oxidases. Once formed, superoxides participate in a number of reactions, yielding various free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, or hypochlorous acid. Numerous cellular antioxidant systems exist to defend against oxidant stress; glutathione and the enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase are critical for maintaining the redox balance of the cell. However, the redox state is disrupted by certain vascular diseases. It appears that oxidant stress both promotes and is induced by diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and restenosis as well as by certain risk factors for coronary artery disease including hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cigarette smoking. Once oxidant stress is invoked, characteristic pathophysiologic features ensue, namely adverse vessel reactivity, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, macrophage adhesion, platelet activation, and lipid peroxidation.

Weekly high-dose cisplatin is a feasible treatment option: analysis on prognostic factors for toxicity in 400 patients

“…To our knowledge, this has not been reported in the literature, and the underlying pathophysiological mechanism remains a matter of speculation. It is known, however, that cigarette smoking is associated with oxidative stress (Maytin et al, 1999), which could possibly lead to enhanced formation of nephrotoxic platinum metabolites. Although it cannot be excluded that smoking was associated with nephrotoxicity through coexisting smoking-related cardiovascular disease, other indicators for cardiovascular disease such as hypertension and diminished baseline creatinine clearance were not identified as risk factors for cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.…”

Mechanisms of H2O2-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells

“…Previous studies by Landmesser et al 2002; and Loscalzo et al (Welch et al 1997;Maytin et al 1999;Forgione et al 2000;Trolliet et al 2001;Nedeljkovic et al 2003;Weiss et al 2003) demonstrate that oxidative stress is an important molecular component of vascular disease, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Increased understanding of the enzymatic and molecular development of cardiovascular disease may allow for more effective treatment and earlier intervention.…”

Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference

“…52 In addition, the role of oxidized lipoproteins within the arterial wall is well established. 53 Other lipoproteins such HDL and VLDL may play an important role as well. 53 Risk factors such as cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity also contribute.…”