Oxidative degradation of pharmaceuticals: Theory, mechanisms and inhibition

Spectrophotometric Investigation of Oxidation of Cefpodoxime Proxetil by Permanganate in Alkaline Medium: A Kinetic Study

“…The HCl, NaOH, NH2OH and H2O2 at appropriate concentration were evaluated as degradation agents for cleaning or decontamination. 6 Permanganate ion oxidizes a larger variety of substrate and finds extensive application in organic synthesis. [7][8][9][10][11][12] During oxidation permanganate is reduced to various oxidation states in acidic, alkaline and neutral media.…”

Photosensitized degradation of losartan potassium in an extemporaneous suspension formulation

“…Oxidation is common in pharmaceuticals and can proceed through a variety of mechanisms. These include autoxidation and other free radical processes, electron transfer, and nucleophilic or electrophilic reactions of peroxides [17,18]. For cases in which trappable free radicals are present, radicalscavenging antioxidants (e.g., BHA) have been employed to prevent oxidation.…”

Identification of Pharmaceutical Impurities in Formulated Dosage Forms

“…The drug-excipient interaction in formulated dosage forms has been reported in a number of papers. [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] For example, lactose has been widely used as a filler or diluent in tablets and capsules. Because lactose is a reducing sugar, it can react with a drug substance containing a primary or secondary amine to form degradation products through a well-known Maillard reaction mechanism.…”

“…11,19,36,37 In addition, pharmaceutical impurities may come from a variety of sources and channels, some are even unexpected. Consequently, identification of these unknown impurities in the formulation development is quite challenging.…”