Oxidative Stress in Optic Neuropathies

Abstract

Increasing evidence indicates that changes in the redox system may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple optic neuropathies. Optic neuropathies are characterized by the neurodegeneration of the inner-most retinal neurons, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and their axons, which form the optic nerve. Often, optic neuropathies are asymptomatic until advanced stages, when visual impairment or blindness is unavoidable despite existing treatments. In this review, we describe systemic and, whenever possible, ocular redox dysregulations observed in patients with glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, hereditary optic neuropathies (i.e., Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy and autosomal dominant optic atrophy), nutritional and toxic optic neuropathies, and optic disc drusen. We discuss aspects related to anti/oxidative stress biomarkers that need further investigation and features related to study design that should be optimized to generate more valuable and comparable results. Understanding the role of oxidative stress in optic neuropathies can serve to develop therapeutic strategies directed at the redox system to arrest the neurodegenerative processes in the retina and RGCs and ultimately prevent vision loss.

Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass–like Structures (PHOMS) in Children: The Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000 Eye Study

“…Tobacco smoking is a known independent risk factor of many common eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts, and on a biochemical level, smoking enhances free radical generation and oxidative stress in the ocular tissue including the optic nerve 27,28 . Furthermore, maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with large cilioretinal arteries, increased risk of severe retinopathy of prematurity, and a reduced retinal nerve fiber layer thickness [29][30][31] .…”

Based on multiple machine learning to identify the ENO2 as diagnosis biomarkers of glaucoma

“…Machine learning algorithm has been proved to be used for disease prediction, and among the Random Forest (RF) algorithm shows higher accuracy than the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm and the Naïve Bayes algorithm, which provides advantages for the accurate diagnosis of glaucoma [ 18 ]. Glaucoma is only a generic term of a highly different disease group of optic neuropathies, which is characterized by high or normal intraocular pressure combined with damage to optic papilla, retinal nerve fiber layer, and glaucomatous visual field [ 19 ]. At the time of diagnosis, we comprehensively judge whether have glaucoma by intraocular pressure examination, atrial angle examination, optic disc structure examination, optic nerve evaluation, visual field, and visual function examination.…”

Construction and functional enrichment analysis of CeRNA regulatory network for NAION based on high-throughput sequencing

“…An important disease process involved in NAION is ischemia and hypoxia, which triggers oxidative stress to produce a large number of in ammatory factors and free radicals, resulting in apoptosis of RGCs(retinal ganglion cells) and other cells and damage to the optic nerve, which further leads to the damage of visual function [28][29][30][31] . The core signaling pathways in the enrichment analysis results are closely related to the recognized pathogenesis of NAION: the fork head transcription factor (FoxO, forkhead box) family is an important regulator of cellular stress response and promotes cellular antioxidant defense.…”