Oxidative-Stress-Induced Cellular Toxicity and Glycoxidation of Biomolecules by Cosmetic Products under Sunlight Exposure

Abstract

Cosmetics, commonly known as ‘makeup’ are products that can enhance the appearance of the human body. Cosmetic products include hair dyes, shampoos, skincare, sunscreens, kajal, and other makeup products. Cosmetics are generally applied throughout the face and over the neck region. Sunlight has different wavelengths of light, which include UV-A, UV-B, UV-C, and other radiations. Most cosmetic products have absorption maxima (λmax) in the range of visible light and UV-R. The effect of light-induced photosensitization of cosmetic products, which results in the production of free radicals through type-I and type-II photosensitization mechanisms. Free-radicals-mediated DNA damage and oxidative stress are common consequences of cosmetic phototoxicity. Cosmetic phototoxicity may include percutaneous absorption, skin irritation, eye irritation, photosensitization, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity. Oxidative stress induces membrane lipid peroxidation, glycoxidation, and protein covalent modifications, resulting in their dysfunction. Natural antioxidants inhibit oxidative-stress-induced cosmetic toxicity. Sunlight-induced photodegradation and accumulation of cosmetic photoproducts are also a matter of serious concern. India has tropical weather conditions throughout the year and generally, a majority of human activities such as commerce, agriculture, sports, etc. are performed under bright sunlight conditions. Thus, more focused and dedicated research is warranted to explore the effects of cosmetics on oxidative stress, glycoxidation of biomolecules, and photoproducts accumulation for its total human safety.

Superoxide Radicals in the Execution of Cell Death

“…Superoxide can also be produced by several non-enzymatic reactions. Above all, non-enzymatic glycosylation, designated as glycation, proceeds under conditions of hyperglycemia and produces a variety of compounds [45,46]. Glycoxidation, which proceeds during glycation, largely produces ROS, including superoxide, and appears to play roles in diabetic complications, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer [47].…”

Phytochemical Composition of Different Botanical Parts of Morus Species, Health Benefits and Application in Food Industry

“…The antioxidant compounds in M. nigra fruit, leaves and bark, were shown to have an anticancer effect in addition to other properties [47,48,131]. The bioactive components in M. nigra leaves were proven to be a good candidate in the genetic protection and treatment of organotoxicity induced by oxidative stress.…”

Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Rosa X Damascena Mill. Cultivated in the Western Region of Romania

“…Melanoma is a tumour of great significance because it has increased alarmingly among the white population in the last 50 years. It is the deadliest form of skin cancer: although melanoma represents less than 10% of all skin cancers, it is responsible for more than 75% of skin cancer-related death [47,55,57].…”

“…There are not many studies that reveal that Rosa damascena extracts and oils induced cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines. Some reports showed cytotoxic activities of Rosa damascena against human prostate, lung, liver and breast cancer cell lines [47,68]. Some studies explored the mechanism of action of rose.…”

“…All these activities combined lead to the death of the cancer cells [40]. But, unfortunately, detailed mechanistic studies have not been conducted yet [47].…”