“…Flooding imposed excess water in plants' living surroundings and deprives the plants of oxygen, carbon dioxide and light for photosynthesis (Michael, Kimiharu, & Osamu, ). After the soil was flooded, the environment became hypoxic and later anoxic and plant growth was affected by lack of oxygen (Armstrong, ; Bailey‐Serres & Voesenek, ; Blom & Voesenek, ; Vartapetian & Jackson, ; Voesenek, Rijnders, Peeters, Van de Steeg, & De Kroon, ; Wegner, ). Additionally, the flooded soils decreased redox potential and increased the accumulation of various soil phytotoxins such as sulphides, soluble Fe and Mn, ethanol, lactic acid, carboxylic acids, acetaldehyde and acetic and formic acid (Fiedler, Vepraskas, & Richardson, ; Kozlowski, ; McKee & McKevlin, ; Pezeshki, ; Pezeshki & DeLaune, ; Ponnamperuma, ).…”