“…Therefore, researchers focus on increasing the active sites by either doping foreign elements (Fe-doped NiO coupled with Ni clusters), creating heterostructures to enhance electron transfer (NiO/NiCo 2 O 4 ), or designing various morphologies (nanosheets or nanoflakes) that provide more active sites . On the other hand, recently, the electrochemical activity of the most abundant lanthanum oxide, that is, CeO 2 , is being extensively studied in bifunctional OER/ORR catalysis due to its reversible shuttling between Ce 3+ and Ce 4+ states and intrinsic oxygen vacancy defects. − In the CeO 2 fluorite lattice, when an oxygen vacancy is created, one Ce 4+ is replaced by two Ce 3+ ions to balance the charge. Thus, CeO 2 can act as an oxygen buffer, which can supply or store oxygen in O 2 -deficient or O 2 -rich conditions, respectively .…”