Paclitaxel-loaded polymeric nanoparticles based on α-tocopheryl succinate for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma:
in vivo
murine model
“…The results showed that under the action of drug release from drug-loaded implants, these five osteosarcoma cells exhibited different degrees of apoptosis, with all of them being mainly late-stage apoptosis. This was consistent with the apoptosis of PTX alone as well as with the results of previous studies on the action mechanism of PTX [ 14 , 48 ]. Fig.…”
“…The results showed that under the action of drug release from drug-loaded implants, these five osteosarcoma cells exhibited different degrees of apoptosis, with all of them being mainly late-stage apoptosis. This was consistent with the apoptosis of PTX alone as well as with the results of previous studies on the action mechanism of PTX [ 14 , 48 ]. Fig.…”
“…Sunitinib has been found to exert immunomodulatory properties by increasing the invasion of lymphocytes and DCs into the tumour milieu, while reducing the number and activity of T regs and bone marrow-derived suppressor cells [ 565 ]. Nanoparticles can also be used to deliver immunostimulant agents for effective tumour immunotherapy, providing a smart new vehicle for the efficient presentation of tumour antigens and adjuvants on antigen-presenting cells [ 566 , 567 , 568 ]. An example is the use of the tandem peptide nanocomplex (TPNC) carrying CpG DNA ligand of TLR9s (iTPNC), which inhibits tumour growth in animal models of various cancers.…”
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most aggressive and heterogeneous groups of human neoplasms. HNSCC is characterized by high morbidity, accounting for 3% of all cancers, and high mortality with ~1.5% of all cancer deaths. It was the most common cancer worldwide in 2020, according to the latest GLOBOCAN data, representing the seventh most prevalent human malignancy. Despite great advances in surgical techniques and the application of modern combinations and cytotoxic therapies, HNSCC remains a leading cause of death worldwide with a low overall survival rate not exceeding 40–60% of the patient population. The most common causes of death in patients are its frequent nodal metastases and local neoplastic recurrences, as well as the relatively low response to treatment and severe drug resistance. Much evidence suggests that the tumour microenvironment (TME), tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and circulating various subpopulations of immunocompetent cells, such regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs), cytotoxic CD3+CD8+ T cells (CTLs) and CD3+CD4+ T helper type 1/2/9/17 (Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17) lymphocytes, T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and CD56dim/CD16bright activated natural killer cells (NK), carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumour-associated neutrophils (N1/N2 TANs), as well as tumour-associated macrophages (M1/M2 phenotype TAMs) can affect initiation, progression and spread of HNSCC and determine the response to immunotherapy. Rapid advances in the field of immuno-oncology and the constantly growing knowledge of the immunosuppressive mechanisms and effects of tumour cancer have allowed for the use of effective and personalized immunotherapy as a first-line therapeutic procedure or an essential component of a combination therapy for primary, relapsed and metastatic HNSCC. This review presents the latest reports and molecular studies regarding the anti-tumour role of selected subpopulations of immunocompetent cells in the pathogenesis of HNSCC, including HPV+ve (HPV+) and HPV−ve (HPV−) tumours. The article focuses on the crucial regulatory mechanisms of pro- and anti-tumour activity, key genetic or epigenetic changes that favour tumour immune escape, and the strategies that the tumour employs to avoid recognition by immunocompetent cells, as well as resistance mechanisms to T and NK cell-based immunotherapy in HNSCC. The present review also provides an overview of the pre- and clinical early trials (I/II phase) and phase-III clinical trials published in this arena, which highlight the unprecedented effectiveness and limitations of immunotherapy in HNSCC, and the emerging issues facing the field of HNSCC immuno-oncology.
“…To improve its therapeutic value, a polymeric nanodrug system was developed to target the transmission of PTX. This system displayed higher efficacy and fewer adverse reactions than free PTX in a HNSCC mouse xenograft model ( 26 ). Future research is required to provide more extensive evidence of the application of PTX-NPs in HNSCC patients.…”
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) refers to a group of highly malignant and pathogenically complex tumors. Traditional treatment methods include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, with advancements in genetics, molecular medicine, and nanotherapy, more effective and safer treatments have been developed. Nanotherapy, in particular, has the potential to be an alternative therapeutic option for HNSCC patients, given its advantageous targeting capabilities, low toxicity and modifiability. Recent research has highlighted the important role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the development of HNSCC. The TME is composed of various cellular components, such as fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells, as well as non-cellular agents such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM), and extracellular vesicles (EVs). These components greatly influence the prognosis and therapeutic efficacy of HNSCC, making the TME a potential target for treatment using nanotherapy. By regulating angiogenesis, immune response, tumor metastasis and other factors, nanotherapy can potentially alleviate HNSCC symptoms. This review aims to summarize and discuss the application of nanotherapy that targets HNSCC’s TME. We highlight the therapeutic value of nanotherapy for HNSCC patients.
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