Padrão Espacial Da Malária Em Populações Indígena E Não Indígena No Estado Do Pará

Abstract

Objetivo: analisar o padrão espacial da malária nas populações indígena e não indígena no estado do Pará. Método: estudo ecológico, com análise de 379.511 casos de malária notificados ao Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica – Malária, no período 2010 a 2015, no estado do Pará. Os dados foram georreferenciados com auxílio do programa QGIS versão 3.14 e interpolados através do Estimador de Densidade Kernel, para criação de mapas digitais. Realizou-se cálculo e análise da Incidência Parasitária Anual de malária nas mesorregiões do Pará. Resultados: mostraram-se maiores Índices Parasitários Anuais em populações indígenas quando comparados aos não indígenas, com Incidência Parasitária Anual=163,05/1.000 habitantes e 165,27/1.000 habitantes entre indígenas, e 17,26/1.000 habitantes e 14,26/1.000 habitantes em não indígenas. Conclusão: a distribuição territorial da malária é desigual nas mesorregiões considerando a condição de ser ou não indígena, o que sugere necessidade de valorizar as especificidades culturais locorregionais, para direcionar ações de controle mais resolutivas.

Malaria and environmental, socioeconomics and public health conditions in the municipality of São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Eastern Amazon, Brazil: An ecological and cross-sectional study

“…In São Raimundo (204) and Pista da Liberdade (116), a very high density of cases was observed, especially close to IL and CU. This indicator was moderate in Lindoeste (24) and Sede Municipal (45), and low in Solar das Águas (5), São Francisco (3), Campo Verde (3), Nereu (4), and Farinha (3), as shown in Figure 2.…”

“…The fact that the pattern for malaria in São Félix do Xingu is rural and occupational and involves placer mining as well as agriculture and ranching activities suggesting an association of the disease with unhealthy working conditions due to the constant process of removing native vegetation to create pastures. This has been aggravated over the last few decades due to the intense migration of people to work in these activities 5 , 6 , 8 . This population group presents socioeconomic vulnerabilities, notably precarious housing and basic sanitation conditions, which are factors associated with the disease due to constant exposure to the mosquito vector in such areas where transmission chains are developed and maintained 19 , as was observed during fieldwork.…”

“…The evidence of a strong direct spatial autocorrelation between areas with high numbers of malaria cases and proximity to boundaries of full protection and sustainable use CU reflects the pressure placed on such areas in recent decades because of the effects of activities such as placer mining, which involves deforestation and degradation of water resources through the use of chemical products in mining processes, with the resulting establishment of breeding sites for immature anopheline forms that become vectors for malaria 5,6,[31][32][33] .…”

“…This may be associated with environmental degradation processes related to land use and cover, especially near Conservation Units (CU) and Indigenous Lands (IL). These areas have historically enabled the preservation of the natural environment and health of traditional people because of their protected status [5][6][7] .…”

Incidence of malaria among indigenous people associated with the presence of artisanal mining

“…In the state of Pará, a study that analyzed the spatial pattern of malaria in indigenous and non-indigenous people, from 2010 to 2015, identified higher rates of illness in indigenous populations, in the Southwest mesoregion of the State, with API=163.05/1,000 inhabitants and 165.27/1,000 inhabitants, in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The study suggests that the increased incidence may be associated with the presence of artisanal mining close to indigenous villages, favoring exposure to the malaria vector (9) .…”