Pain intensity assessment: a comparison of selected pain intensity scales for use in cognitively intact and cognitively impaired African American older adults

Taylor, Laurie; Herr, Keela

doi:10.1016/s1524-9042(02)54210-7

Cited by 89 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Thus, 3-day period for test-retest reliability is reasonable in the elderly with CI group. Another study (Taylor & Herr, 2003) also supports this point. They compared pain scales in African American elderly without and with CI and found that pain scales demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability in the elderly without CI group and to a lesser degree in the elderly with CI group at a 2-week interval ranged from .52 to .83 in both groups.…”

Section: Test-retest Reliabilitymentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Ware, Epps, Herr, and Packard (2006) supported the convergent validity of the NRS and its test-retest reliability at a 2-week interval in older minority adults including elderly with CI. Convergent validity of the NRS was also supported in both elderly without and with CI groups (Taylor & Herr, 2003). In the study of Closs et al (2004), convergent validity of the pain scales was assessed by the correlation between the pain scales and convergent validity of the NRS was acceptable in the elderly patients including those with none to moderate CI.…”

Section: Unidimensional Assessment Tools Based On Self-reportmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…They found that the BS-21 emerged as the best scale regarding psychometric properties and supported the use of the BS-21 for pain assessment in elderly including those with mild to moderate CI. However, when Taylor and Herr (2003) compared the VDS, the NRS, the FPS, and the Iowa Pain Thermometer (IPT) in African American elderly without and with CI, they found that all scales were easy to use, valid, and reliable in both elderly without and with CI groups but both groups preferred the FPS to report their pain intensity. The CAS is another tool that might be feasible for using in elderly with CI.…”

Section: Background and Significance Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These colors were selected based on the patients' preference from a pilot study. The length of the triangular shape was 10 cm with anchors "0" and "no pain" at the bottom and anchors Third, the use of neutral face to represent no pain rather than a happy face which could potentially add an emotional component of joy/happiness to the measure of pain intensity (Taylor & Herr, 2003). The participants were asked to select the face that best represented their pain intensity.…”

Section: Unidimensional Assessment Tools Based On Self-reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The FPS could be comprehended by nondemented elderly, early AD patients, and midstage AD patients, 100%, 60%, and 30%, respectively (Scherder & Bouma, 2000). Taylor and Herr (2003) compared the FPS, the NRS, and the Iowa Pain Thermometer (IPT) in African American elderly without and with CI. They found that the FPS had strongest test-retest reliability in elderly with CI group; the FPS was the most preferred scale in both elderly without and with CI groups which was not affected by gender or education; and convergent validity of the FPS was acceptable in the elderly with none to moderate CI.…”

Section: Unidimensional Assessment Tools Based On Self-reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychometric properties of pain intensity scales comparing among postoperative adult patients, elderly patients without and with mild cognitive impairment in China

Zhou

Petpichetchian

Kitrungrote

2011

International Journal of Nursing Studies

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In China, there is a lack of studies to generate pain intensity scales to the patients with CI and compare the pain scales in various age groups. Therefore, this study would compare the psychometric properties of the evidence-supported pain intensity scales consisting of the Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS), the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Faces Pain Scale (FPS), the Numeric Box-21 Scale (BS-21), and the Colored Analogue Scale (CAS) in Chinese postoperative adults varying in ages including the elderly with mild CI. This was a descriptive comparative study and 200 surgical patients were recruited purposively from a university-affiliated hospital with 50 for each group: young adults (age 20 -44 years), middle-aged adults (age 45 -59 years), elderly (age ≥ 60 years) without CI, and elderly (age ≥ 60 years) with mild CI.Participants rated the vividly remembered, current, worst, least, and average pain, and indicated scale preference and simplicity. Scale face validity, concurrent validity, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability at a 3-day interval were assessed. Fisher's exact tests were used to investigate whether face validity was related to different age iv groups and the levels of CI. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to test the differences of concurrent validity, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability of each pain scale among the four groups. Regarding face validity, the FPS was ranked best across the subjects as nearly half of the patients selected it as both the most preferred and simplest and it had low errors; the VDS and the NRS were similar and ranked following the FPS; however, the BS-21 and the CAS were ranked last. The concurrent validity, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability of all five pain scales were supported in use with the four groups. The differences in psychometric properties among the four groups were only found in face validity. The findings support the psychometric properties of all five pain scales for pain assessment in Chinese adults including the elderly with mild CI. However, the FPS appears to be the best scale followed by the VDS and the NRS. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIt is impossible to finish this work without the continuous help and love from the people around me. I take this opportunity to give thanks to them for their willing to teach, guidance, help, and care during my master degree study.

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Section: Test-retest Reliabilitymentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Unidimensional Assessment Tools Based On Self-reportmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Background and Significance Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Unidimensional Assessment Tools Based On Self-reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Unidimensional Assessment Tools Based On Self-reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychometric properties of pain intensity scales comparing among postoperative adult patients, elderly patients without and with mild cognitive impairment in China

Zhou

Petpichetchian

Kitrungrote

2011

International Journal of Nursing Studies

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Pain assessment and pain treatment for community‐dwelling people with dementia: A systematic review and narrative synthesis

Bullock

Bedson

Jordan

et al. 2019

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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Objectives:To describe the current literature on pain assessment and pain treatment for community-dwelling people with dementia. Method:A comprehensive systematic search of the literature with narrative synthesis was conducted. Eight major bibliographic databases were searched in October 2018. Titles, abstracts, and full-text articles were sequentially screened. Standardised data extraction and quality appraisal exercises were conducted. Results:Thirty-two studies were included in the review, 11 reporting findings on pain assessment tools or methods and 27 reporting findings on treatments for pain.In regard to pain assessment, a large proportion of people with moderate to severe dementia were unable to complete a self-report pain instrument. Pain was more commonly reported by informal caregivers than the person with dementia themselves.Limited evidence was available for pain-focused behavioural observation assessment.In regard to pain treatment, paracetamol use was more common in communitydwelling people with dementia compared with people without dementia. However, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were used less. For stronger analgesics, community-dwelling people with dementia were more likely to receive strong opioids (eg, fentanyl) than people without dementia. Conclusion:This review identifies a dearth of high-quality studies exploring pain assessment and/or treatment for community-dwelling people with dementia, not least into non-pharmacological interventions. The consequences of this lack of evidence, given the current and projected prevalence of the disease, are very serious and require urgent redress. In the meantime, clinicians should adopt a patient-and caregiver-centred, multi-dimensional, longitudinal approach to pain assessment and pain treatment for this population.

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Psychometric Evaluation of Selected Pain Intensity Scales for Use with Cognitively Impaired and Cognitively Intact Older Adults

Taylor

Harris

Epps

et al. 2005

Rehabilitation Nursing

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115

102

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The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of selected pain intensity scales such as the Faces Pain Scale (FPS), the Verbal Descriptor Scale (VDS), the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and the Iowa Pain Thermometer (IPT) to assess pain in cognitively impaired older adults. A descriptive correlational design was used, and a convenience sample of 66 volunteers age 60 and older residing in assisted living facilities in the South was recruited for this study. The sample included 22 (33%) men and 44 (67%) women, with a mean age of 76. Ninety-eight percent (65) of the sample comprised Caucasian participants, with the exception of 1 African-American man. Seventy percent (47) completed high school and/or college. The mean Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score was 16, with a range of 1 to 29. Eighty-five percent scored 24 or lower, indicating some degree of cognitive impairment. The remaining 15% were cognitively intact. All but one participant could use each scale to rate their pain. Concurrent validity of the VDS, NRS, and IPT was supported with Spearman rank correlation coefficients ranging from .78 to .86 in the cognitively impaired group. The FPS, however, demonstrated weak correlations with other scales when used with the impaired group, ranging from .48 to .53. In the cognitively intact group, strong correlations ranging from .96 to .97 were found among all of the scales. Test-retest reliability at a 2-week interval was acceptable in the cognitively intact group (Spearman rank correlations ranged from .67 to .85) and unacceptable for most scales in the cognitively impaired group (correlations ranged from .26 to .67). When asked about scale preference, both the cognitively impaired and the intact groups preferred the IPT and the VDS. This study revealed that cognitive impairment did not inhibit participants' ability to use a variety of pain intensity scales, but the stability issue must be considered.

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Pain intensity assessment: a comparison of selected pain intensity scales for use in cognitively intact and cognitively impaired African American older adults

Cited by 89 publications

References 46 publications

Psychometric properties of pain intensity scales comparing among postoperative adult patients, elderly patients without and with mild cognitive impairment in China

Psychometric properties of pain intensity scales comparing among postoperative adult patients, elderly patients without and with mild cognitive impairment in China

Pain assessment and pain treatment for community‐dwelling people with dementia: A systematic review and narrative synthesis

Psychometric Evaluation of Selected Pain Intensity Scales for Use with Cognitively Impaired and Cognitively Intact Older Adults

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