“…The cun-ent literature is saturated with articles on pain assessment techniques/tools (Beyer & Levin, 1987;Broome, Bates, Lillis, & McGahee, 1990;Cahill, Panzarella, & Spross, 1990;Houde, 1982;McGuire, 1984;Melzack, 1987;Whitman, 1984;Wild, 1990;Wilkie, 1990;Wright, 1987;Ziporyn, 1984). Pain is and should be a major concern of the nursing profession, because nurses spend a greater amount of time with the patient than any other discipline (Bonica, 1990;Bader , 1988).…”