Paint and Coatings Technology for the Control of Marine Fouling

Finnie, Alistair A.; Williams, David N.

doi:10.1002/9781444315462.ch13

Cited by 61 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Hull fouling is also a primary vector for the introduction of invasive species (Drake and Lodge 2007;Piola et al 2009). The majority of antifouling (AF) coatings contain biocides (Finnie and Williams 2010;Thomas and Brooks 2010), but environmental issues have increased interest in the development of non-toxic AF coatings, which encompass a wide range of technologies (eg McMaster et al 2009;Tasso et al 2009;Bressy et al 2010;Kristensen et al 2010;Sommer et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineered antifouling microtopographies: kinetic analysis of the attachment of zoospores of the green algaUlvato silicone elastomers

et al. 2011

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Microtopography has been demonstrated as an effective deterrent to biofouling. The majority of published studies are fixed-time assays that raise questions regarding the kinetics of the attachment process. This study investigated the time-dependent attachment density of zoospores of Ulva, in a laboratory assay, on a micropatterned and smooth silicone elastomer. The attachment density of zoospores was reduced on average 70-80% by the microtopography relative to smooth surfaces over a 4 h exposure. Mapping the zoospore locations on the topography revealed that they settled preferentially in specific, recessed areas of the pattern. The kinetic data fit, with high correlation (r 2 4 0.9), models commonly used to describe the adhesion of bacteria to surfaces. The grouping of spores on the microtopography indicated that the pattern inhibited the ability of attached spores to recruit neighbors. This study demonstrates that the antifouling mechanism of topographies may involve disruption of the cooperative effects exhibited by fouling organisms such as Ulva.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineered antifouling microtopographies: kinetic analysis of the attachment of zoospores of the green algaUlvato silicone elastomers

et al. 2011

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“…The fouling-release technology is also most effective when applied to high-activity, fast-moving ( > 15 knot) vessels and is less suitable for vessels that spend long periods in port or which cruise at lower speeds to maintain fuel efficiency. For these and other reasons, there has been extensive research on newer fouling-release technologies 31 , which may either 'toughen up' silicones through the use of new tie-coats and the incorporation of fluoropolymers or which seek to create a surface complexity. Currently in vogue are amphiphilic coatings, which incorporate some of the benefits of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic functionalities, for example, the latest fouling-release coating from International Paint, Intersleek 900.…”

Section: Box 1 Glossarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current commercial, non-biocidal fouling-release coatings, suffer from a number of drawbacks and represent only a small proportion of the total marine coatings market 31 . In the near future it is likely that coatings to combat marine biofouling will be based on what are considered to be 'eco-friendly' biocides (for example, by tethering to the coating or by using biocides with low toxicity and short half-lives) 70 .…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most current commercial FR coatings are based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomers (PDMSe) 31 . These non-polar, low surface energy (~22 mN m − 1 ), hydrophobic polymers would be expected to show low adhesion of polar molecules (including mOEG-coated gold surface Bare gold surface Figure 4 | Deposition of 'footprints' of the temporary protein adhesive secreted by cypris larvae of barnacles during surface exploration as revealed by imaging surface plasmon resonance.…”

Section: Novel Non-biocidal Coating Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings

2011

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'marine biofouling', the undesired growth of marine organisms such as microorganisms, barnacles and seaweeds on submerged surfaces, is a global problem for maritime industries, with both economic and environmental penalties. the primary strategy for combating marine fouling is to use biocide-containing paints, but environmental concerns and legislation are driving science and technology towards non-biocidal solutions based solely on physico-chemical and materials properties of coatings. advances in nanotechnology and polymer science, and the development of novel surface designs 'bioinspired' by nature, are expected to have a significant impact on the development of a new generation of environmentally friendly marine coatings. Marine biofouling, the colonization of submerged surfaces by unwanted marine organisms ( Fig. 1), has detrimental effects on shipping and leisure vessels, heat exchangers, oceanographic sensors and aquaculture systems. For example, it has been shown that the increased roughness presented by a heavily fouled ship hull can result in powering penalties of up to 86% at cruising speed; even relatively light fouling by diatom 'slimes' can generate a 10-16% penalty 1 . Without effective antifouling (AF) measures, in order to maintain speed, fuel consumption (and therefore greenhouse gas emissions 2 ) increase significantly. A recent analysis of the economic impact of biofouling for the Arleigh Burke DDG-51 destroyers, which comprise 30% of the ships in the US Navy fleet, estimates the overall cost associated with hull fouling at $56 million per annum 3 . This figure is based on the present AF coating system, cleaning and fouling level (typically heavy slime) of the Navy. If the analysis is extended to the entire US Navy fleet, the approximate cost of hull fouling is between $180 and 260 million per annum.Marine biofouling is ubiquitous and has been a practical problem ever since man sailed the oceans; controlling it, without simultaneously creating unacceptable environmental impacts on non-target species is a considerable challenge. Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the fundamental science behind the processes involved in biofouling, and in the design of novel coatings and other non-coating technologies. The main driver for this is legislation that has outlawed some highly effective AF paints, notably the use of tributyltin oxide, and posed a stricter evaluation and regulatory regime on the use of alternative biocides. 'Green' alternatives to biocide-based technologies are therefore urgently sought by the marine coatings industry, and there is considerable interest in developing biocide-free coatings that rely on surface physico-chemical and bulk materials properties to either deter organisms from attaching in the first place ('prevention is better than cure') or reduce the adhesion strength of those that do attach, so that they are easily removed by the shear forces generated by ship movement or mild mechanical cleaning devices.

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“…Because IT-354 is used in Japan, but not worldwide (Finnie and Williams, 2009), its toxicity has not been evaluated as comprehensively as that of some other antifouling agents. Consequently, little information is available in the literature regarding the toxicity of IT-354.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxic actions of N-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)maleimide (IT-354), an antifouling agent, in rat thymic lymphocytes

Fukunaga

Saito

Kurumi

et al. 2015

Fundam. Toxicol. Sci.

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-Of antifoulants that are substitutes for organotin compounds such as tributyltin and triphenyltin, N-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)maleimide (IT-354) is listed as a much less toxic agent, although the available information concerning IT-354 toxicity is the results of acute toxicity tests in freshwater fish. In this study, the effects of IT-354 on rat thymic lymphocytes were examined using flow-cytometric techniques with appropriate fluorescent probes in order to estimate the effects of IT-354 on mammalian cells. Treatment of cells with 1-10 μM IT-354 for 1 hr did not increase the population of dead cells (cell lethality). However, 10 μM IT-354 significantly increased the population of living, annexin V-positive cells. Annexin V-positive, living cells are expected to be undergoing apoptosis. IT-354 at 3-10 μM significantly elevated intracellular Ca 2+ and Zn 2+ levels mainly by increasing Ca 2+ influx and intracellular Zn 2+ release. Furthermore, IT-354 significantly depolarized membranes and decreased cellular non-protein thiol content. Assessments using selected antifouling agents showed that the cellular actions of IT-354 are most likely similar to those of other commonly used antifouling agents. Therefore, the toxic potency of IT-354 on wild mammals is speculated to be similar to those of the other tested antifoulants.

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Paint and Coatings Technology for the Control of Marine Fouling

Cited by 61 publications

References 48 publications

Engineered antifouling microtopographies: kinetic analysis of the attachment of zoospores of the green algaUlvato silicone elastomers

Engineered antifouling microtopographies: kinetic analysis of the attachment of zoospores of the green algaUlvato silicone elastomers

Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings

Cytotoxic actions of N-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)maleimide (IT-354), an antifouling agent, in rat thymic lymphocytes

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