Pair-rule expression patterns of even-skipped are found in both short- and long-germ beetles

Patel, Nipam H.; Condron, Barry; Zinn, Kai

doi:10.1038/367429a0

Cited by 289 publications

(225 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…To further characterize the effects of caudal RNAi at the molecular level, we examined the expression of segmentation and Hox genes during the process of axis elongation and segmentation. In wild-type Tribolium and Artemia, Evenskipped is expressed in the growth zone and in stripes corresponding to newly formed segments (20,29,32). In Tribolium showing weak RNAi phenotypes (some elongation has taken place), Even-skipped expression in the region of the growth zone is weak and segmental expression is absent (Fig.…”

Section: Caudal Rnai Disrupts the Early Phase Of Segmentation And Hoxmentioning

confidence: 95%

Ancestral role of caudal genes in axis elongation and segmentation

Copf

Schröder

Averof

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

178

170

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caudal (cad͞Cdx) genes are essential for the formation of posterior structures in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and vertebrates. In contrast to Drosophila, the majority of arthropods generate their segments sequentially from a posteriorly located growth zone, a process known as short-germ development. caudal homologues are expressed in the growth zone of diverse short-germ arthropods, but until now their functional role in these animals had not been studied. Here, we use RNA interference to examine the function of caudal genes in two short-germ arthropods, the crustacean Artemia franciscana and the beetle Tribolium castaneum. We show that, in both species, caudal is required for the formation of most body segments. In animals with reduced levels of caudal expression, axis elongation stops, resulting in severe truncations that remove most trunk segments. We also show that caudal function is required for the early phases of segmentation and Hox gene expression. The observed phenotypes suggest that in arthropods caudal had an ancestral role in axis elongation and segmentation, and was required for the formation of most body segments. Similarities to the function of vertebrate Cdx genes in the presomitic mesoderm, from which somites are generated, indicate that this role may also predate the origin of the Bilateria.caudal͞Cdx genes ͉ short-germ development ͉ Artemia ͉ Tribolium ͉ evolution T he caudal (cad͞Cdx) genes are homeobox genes involved in posterior patterning in diverse species (1-11). In early Drosophila embryos Caudal protein is distributed in a posterior to anterior concentration gradient that is needed for the activation of segmentation genes and segment formation in posterior parts of the animal. caudal mutant embryos have severe segmentation problems affecting posterior segments; in the most severely affected mutants, most abdominal segments are missing (1). This function of caudal is characteristic of long-germ development, found in Drosophila, where all of the body segments are molecularly determined during the blastoderm stage. This mode is thought to be evolutionarily derived within the higher insects and does not represent the ancestral mode of development (12). On the contrary, short-germ development is found in diverse and phylogenetically basal groups of insects and other arthropods, suggesting that this represents the ancestral mode for generating segments within the arthropods. In short-germ arthropods (which we take to include intermediate-germ species), only the most anterior segments are laid down in the blastoderm (e.g., Fig. 1A), whereas more posterior segments are generated sequentially from a posteriorly located presegmental zone, usually referred to as the ''growth zone '' (12-14). caudal homologues have been cloned in some short-germ arthropods and found to be expressed consistently in this presegmental zone (15-22), but until now their function in these species had not been studied.To explore the functional role of caudal genes in the growth zone of short-germ arthropods, we ...

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Section: Caudal Rnai Disrupts the Early Phase Of Segmentation And Hoxmentioning

confidence: 95%

Ancestral role of caudal genes in axis elongation and segmentation

Copf

Schröder

Averof

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

178

170

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“…Interestingly, Even-skipped expression in Fig. 3d and e bears resemblance to the pattern seen in beetle embryos 20 , in that Even-skipped stripes do not all appear more or less simultaneously. Despite our ability to change the temporal order in which Even-skipped stripes form, the spatial precision of the pattern remained intact.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Dynamics of Drosophila embryonic patterning network perturbed in space and time using microfluidics

Lucchetta

Lee

et al. 2005

Nature

Self Cite

433

400

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“…Primary antibodies used were rabbit anti-myosin II heavy chain (1:1000) (Sokac and Wieschaus, 2008a), guinea pig anti-Even-skipped antibody (1:1000) and mouse antigrasshopper Even-skipped antibody (1:50) (Patel et al, 1994) (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, DSHB). Secondary antibodies used were Alexa 546-conjugated or Alexa 488-conjugated (Molecular Probes).…”

Section: Immunohistochemistry and Image Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal and zygotic requirements for src64 during Drosophila cellularization

Strong¹,

Thomas²

2011

Genesis

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Summary: Cellularization of the multinucleate Drosophila embryo occurs shortly after zygotic transcription begins. During cellular blastoderm morphogenesis, the microfilament cytoskeleton undergoes extensive reorganization. This cytoskeletal reorganization includes synchronized microfilament contraction regulated by src64, a gene encoding a Src nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. We report that src64 is maternally expressed in the Drosophila embryo and acts primarily as a maternal gene during cellularization. However, we show that src64 has some zygotic activity during late cellularization. By using compound chromosomes to generate embryos with wild-type levels of maternal src64 activity, we show that this zygotic activity is normally nonessential. We also report the identification of an alternate src64 transcript. Expression of this transcript is not affected by the src64 D17 deletion mutation, explaining the presence of low levels of src64 activity observed in src64 D17 mutants. genesis 49:912-918, 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

show abstract

Pair-rule expression patterns of even-skipped are found in both short- and long-germ beetles

Cited by 289 publications

References 24 publications

Ancestral role of caudal genes in axis elongation and segmentation

Ancestral role of caudal genes in axis elongation and segmentation

Dynamics of Drosophila embryonic patterning network perturbed in space and time using microfluidics

Maternal and zygotic requirements for src64 during Drosophila cellularization

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