Palladium Nanoparticles Encaged in a Nitrogen‐Rich Porous Organic Polymer: Constructing a Promising Robust Nanoarchitecture for Catalytic Biofuel Upgrading

Abstract

Robust nanoarchitectures based on surfactant‐free ultrafine Pd nanoparticles (NPs) (2.7–8.2±0.5 nm) have been developed by using the incipient wetness impregnation method with subsequent reduction of PdII species encaged in the 1,3,5‐triazine‐functionalized nitrogen‐rich porous organic polymer (POP) by employing NaBH4, HCHO, and H2 reduction routes. The Pd‐POP materials prepared by the three different synthetic methods consist of virtually identical chemical compositions but have different physical and texture properties. Strong metal–support interactions, the nanoconfinement effect of POP, and the homogeneous distribution of Pd NPs have been investigated by performing 13C cross‐polarization (CP) solid‐state magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, FTIR, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), along with wide‐angle powder XRD, N2 physisorption, high‐resolution (HR)‐TEM, high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) mapping spectroscopic studies. The resulting Pd‐POP based materials exhibit highly efficient catalytic performance with superior stability in promoting biomass refining (hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin, a typical compound of lignin‐derived bio‐oil). Outstanding catalytic performance (≈98 % conversion of vanillin with exclusive selectivity for hydrogenolysis product 2‐methoxy‐4‐methylphenol) has been achieved over the newly designed Pd‐POP catalyst under the optimized reaction conditions (140 °C, 10 bar H2 pressure), affording a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 8.51 h−1 and no significant drop in catalytic activity with desired product selectivity has been noticed for ten successive catalytic cycles, demonstrating the excellent stability and reproducibility of this catalyst system. A size‐ and location‐dependent catalytic performance for the Pd NPs with small size (1.31±0.36 and 2.71±0.25 nm) has been investigated in vanillin hydrodeoxygenation reaction with our newly designed Pd‐POP catalysts. The presence of well‐dispersed electron‐rich metallic Pd sites and highly rigid cross‐linked amine‐functionalized POP framework with high surface area is thought to be responsible for the high catalytic activity and improvement in catalyst stability.

Silver Nanoparticles Architectured HMP as a Recyclable Catalyst for Tetramic Acid and Propiolic Acid Synthesis through CO2 Capture at Atmospheric Pressure

“…Figure d demonstrates the valence band (VB) XPS spectra of silver‐core, i. e., Ag 4d and Ag 5 s bands. The XPS spectrum of the N‐1 s core level of the Ag NPs architectured HMP (Ag‐HMP‐2) indeed showed a positive displacement by 0.6, in comparison with the as‐prepared HMP, demonstrating strong interaction between the N‐rich HMP support and Ag‐NPs …”

Pd nanocube decoration onto flexible nanofibrous mats of core–shell polymer–ZnO nanofibers for visible light photocatalysis

“…It is very important to control the intermediate states while forming the Pd nanocubes since chemical affinities play an important role. [35][36][37] According to the compositions, it is well known that an acetate precursor of the Pd and additionally I-, Br-, Cl-anions govern the most important aspects of the monodispersed and morphology controlled cube formation. During the nanocube fabrication, when I-, Br-, Cl-ions are added into the reaction mixture, an (Fig.…”

Design and Catalytic Application of Functional Porous Organic Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges

“…We have also used nitrogen rich triazine functionalized porous organic polymer (TRIA) successfully for the fabrication of palladium nanoparticles through the reduction of Pd(OAc) 2 by three different reduction strategies which involves NaBH 4 , HCHO and a stream of H 2 to form Pd‐A, Pd‐B and Pd‐C materials (Scheme ) …”