Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)-mesoporous Carbon as Catalysts for Nonylphenol Oxidation

Abstract

Palladium nanoparticles were dispersed on the surface of poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) -mesoporous carbon (Pd/PDDA-MC) composite as a catalytic for the environmental hormones nonylphenol (NOP) electrochemical oxidation. The Pd/PDDA-MC was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which indicated that the assynthesized Pd nanoparticles were successfully dispersed on the surface of PDDA-MC nanocomposite. The electrochemical behavior of NOP was investigated on Pd/PDDA-MC modified GCE by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry. Electrochemical study has proved that the Pd/PDDA-MC nanocomposite shown excellent electro-catalytic activities toward the oxidation of NOP. The excellent reproducibility, stability and selectivity of the Pd/PDDA-MC modified GCE make it as a potential electrochemical sensor candidate for determination of environmental hormones in biology samples. Nonylphenols (NOP) is industrial surfactants and detergents, widespread in use for more than 40 years.1-3 It has been included among the group of organic compounds so-called "emerging contaminants", due to their widespread use, persistence in the environment. 4 NOP is an important environmental toxicant and potential endocrine disrupting chemical.5 NOP has a structure mimicking estradiol and has been reported to have xeno estrogenic effects. It has been shown not only inhibits the growth of the testes, but also affects the production and survival of sperms in rats.6 Administration of high dosage of NOP 500 mg/kg/day to newborn rats may cause disruption of the reproductive system and reproductive performance, reduction in the weight of epididymis and epididymal sperm density and testicular abnormalities. 7 And its endocrine disrupting effect in the aquatic environment is particularly well documented. 8,9 Recent studies have indicated NOP is ubiquitous in food stuffs, including fresh fruits and vegetables, human breast milk, livestock products and rice. Recently, many analytical methods, such as solid phase extraction (SPE), 10 solid phase microextraction (SPME), 11 liquid phase microextraction (LPME), 12 gas chromatography, 13 high performance liquid chromatography, 14 different types of capillary electrophoresis, 15 spectrophotometry, 16 and electrochemical sensors 17-21 for the determination of NOP in various environmental samples, but few research works for human body fluid have been reported. 22 Among these analytical methods, electrochemical sensor should be a promising technique with the advantage of reliability, fast response, cheap instrument, low cost, simple operation, timesaving, high sensitivity, good selectivity and real-time detection in situ condition.However, in our knowledge, direct detection of NOP using traditional electrochemical sensor is rare due to the poor response of NOP. In addition, NOP oxidation same as bisphenol A (BPA) also involves a relatively higher overpotential, which increases the interference of determination, leading to a low selectivity and...

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