Palytoxin causes nonoxidative necrotic damage to PC12 cells in culture

Sagara, Takefumi; Nishibori, Naoyoshi; Itoh, Mari; Morita, Kyoji; Her, Song

doi:10.1002/jat.1728

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…PTX was shown to induce ion currents (channels permeable to Na + and K + and slightly permeable to Ca 2+ , choline and tetramethylammonium) in mouse neuroblastoma cells [144]. As a matter of fact, the activity on cation transport is commonly recognized to be PTX’s main toxic mechanism [145]. …”

Section: Cytotoxicity Of Cnidarian Extracts On Cultured Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PTX seems to cause cell membrane damage through a non-oxidative necrotic process. The exposure to PTX was seen to cause release of lactate dehydrogenase into the culture medium [145]. In Caco-2 cells, PTX at a concentration of 8.9 ± 3.7 × 10 −12 M reduced the mitochondrial activity by 50% and induced cytotoxicity when tested with Sulforhodamine B assay (EC 50 = 2.0 ± 0.6 × 10 −11 M) as well as with LDH release (EC 50 = 4.5 ± 1.4 × 10 −9 M) [151].…”

Section: Cytotoxicity Of Cnidarian Extracts On Cultured Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Cnidarian Venoms. A Review on Health Implications and Possible Therapeutic Applications

Mariottini

Pane

2013

Toxins

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The toxicity of Cnidaria is a subject of concern for its influence on human activities and public health. During the last decades, the mechanisms of cell injury caused by cnidarian venoms have been studied utilizing extracts from several Cnidaria that have been tested in order to evaluate some fundamental parameters, such as the activity on cell survival, functioning and metabolism, and to improve the knowledge about the mechanisms of action of these compounds. In agreement with the modern tendency aimed to avoid the utilization of living animals in the experiments and to substitute them with in vitro systems, established cell lines or primary cultures have been employed to test cnidarian extracts or derivatives. Several cnidarian venoms have been found to have cytotoxic properties and have been also shown to cause hemolytic effects. Some studied substances have been shown to affect tumour cells and microorganisms, so making cnidarian extracts particularly interesting for their possible therapeutic employment. The review aims to emphasize the up-to-date knowledge about this subject taking in consideration the importance of such venoms in human pathology, the health implications and the possible therapeutic application of these natural compounds.

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Section: Cytotoxicity Of Cnidarian Extracts On Cultured Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cytotoxicity Of Cnidarian Extracts On Cultured Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Cnidarian Venoms. A Review on Health Implications and Possible Therapeutic Applications

Mariottini

Pane

2013

Toxins

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“…Other findings in the field of PaP toxin research may open new possibilities to define endpoints for development of functional assays, e.g., the role of oxidative stress in exposure of keratinocytes to Pltx (Pelin et al, 2013b) or non-oxidative necrosis induced by Pltx in PC12 cells (Sagara et al, 2013).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

Daneshian

2013

ALTEX

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Summary Aquatic food accounts for over 40% of global animal food products, and the potential contamination with toxins of algal origin -marine biotoxins -poses a health threat for consumers. The gold standards to assess toxins in aquatic food have traditionally been in vivo methodssingle marine biotoxins or combinations of marine biotoxins and intoxication symptomatology as well as monitoring the "success" of controls implemented during fishery and aquaculture production, processing, and retailing. For this reason, a workshop was organized in ermatingen, Switzerland by the Center for Alternatives to Animal testing -europe (CAAteurope) within the framework of the transatlantic think tank for toxicology (t 4 ).In contrast to other food products where hygiene and potential contamination with microbes or mold toxins is the prime issue, the emphasis in aquatic products (shellfish and finfish) is, beyond viral and bacterial contaminations, primarily placed on potential contamination with marine biotoxins owing to the numerous and recurring human intoxications.The gold standards to assess toxins in aquatic food have traditionally been in vivo methods, i.e., the mouse and the rat bioassays. Besides the ethical issues of in vivo bioassays there are specific difficulties, e.g., different exposure route (i.p. versus oral), low inter-species comparability, high intra-species variability, and questionable extrapolation of quantitative risk to humans, thus highlighting the need for the development of more reliable detection and quantification methods. Based on this reasoning, the european Food Safety Authority (eFSA) advocates the use of an analytical method, i.e., LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography coupled Mass Spectrometry), as a substitute for in vivo bioassays for almost all classes of marine toxins. However, although lC-MS is a very sensitive method that has the advantages of being able to detect multiple toxins in a single analysis and being good for confirming the identity of toxins, the quality of quantitative analysis is dependent on the availability of calibration standards. While many new toxin structural analogues have been detected and identified using LC-MS, this technique -as with most other methods -is not good at detecting new toxin types. When new toxin analogues are detected but accurate standards are not yet available, only an approximate quantitation is possible using estimated response factors.For the purpose of risk assessment of food, however, it is imperative to focus on the possible adverse effects, independent of whether they stem from one toxin or a combination of toxins. As toxicity is defined by functional and structural changes of biological systems, the development of a human-relevant in vitro system for appropriate risk assessment of marine biotoxins in seafood stands to reason. Moreover, poor correlation of human intoxications, of acute symptomatology and long-term adverse effects, and of predictive in vitro, in vivo, and analytical detection methodologies of marine biotoxins stems not least from a...

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Palytoxin congeners

Patočka

Nepovimová

et al. 2017

Arch Toxicol

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Palytoxin, isolated from a zoanthid of the genus Palythoa, is the most potent marine toxin known. Intoxication by palytoxin leads to vasoconstriction, hemorrhage, ataxia, muscle weakness, ventricular fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, ischemia and death. Palytoxin and its numerous derivatives (congeners) may enter the food chain and accumulate mainly in fishes and crabs, causing severe human intoxication and death following ingestion of contaminated products. Furthermore, toxic effects in individuals exposed via inhalation or skin contact to marine aerosol in coincidence with Ostreopsis blooms, have been reported. Blooms of the benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata are a concern in the Mediterranean Sea, since this species produces a wide range of palytoxin-like compounds listed among the most potent marine toxins. Thus, the formerly unsuspected broad distribution of the benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis spp. has recently posed a problem of risk assessment for human health. Palytoxin has a strong potential for toxicity in humans and animals, and currently this toxin is of great concern worldwide. This review summarized and discussed the pharmacology and toxicology data of palytoxin and its congeners, including their cytotoxicity, human and animal toxicities. Moreover, the risk assessment and their control strategies including prevention and treatment assays were evaluated.

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Palytoxin causes nonoxidative necrotic damage to PC12 cells in culture

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Cnidarian Venoms. A Review on Health Implications and Possible Therapeutic Applications

Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Cnidarian Venoms. A Review on Health Implications and Possible Therapeutic Applications

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

Palytoxin congeners

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