Parallel Evaluation of Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Chemical Probes for Sulfenic Acid: Reactivity, Selectivity and Biocompatibility

Abstract

S-sulfenylation of cysteine thiols (Cys-SOH) is a regulatory posttranslational modification in redox signaling and an important intermediate to other cysteine chemotypes. Owing to the dual chemical nature of the sulfur in sulfenic acid, both nucleophilic and electrophilic chemical probes have been developed to react with and detect Cys-SOH; however, the efficiency of existing probes has not been evaluated in a side-by-side comparison. Here, we employ small-molecule and protein models of Cys-SOH and compare the chemical probe reactivity. These data clearly show that 1,3-diketone-based nucleophilic probes react more efficiently with sulfenic acid as compared to strained alkene/alkyne electrophilic probes. Kinetic experiments that rigorously address the selectivity of the 1,3-diketone-based probes are also reported. Consideration of these data alongside relative cellular abundance, indicates that biological electrophiles, including cyclic sulfenamides, aldehydes, disulfides and hydrogen peroxide, are not meaningful targets of 1,3-diketone-based nucleophilic probes, which still remain the most viable tools for the bioorthogonal detection of Cys-SOH.