“…Accurate estimation of the SOC is crucial for EVs, being used by the battery management system (BMS) to prevent over-discharging and over-charging and, ultimately, to guarantee the reliability and safe operation of EVs [7][8][9]. However, the SOC is not directly measurable, being indirectly determined through acquired sensory data, namely battery voltage, current and temperature, and some suitable data processing method [10]. Currently, commonly used methods for determining the SOC include open circuit voltage (OCV), current integration, model-based and data-driven ones.…”