Parameterization of the Moisture and Heat Transfer Process over the Ocean under Whitecap Sea States

Ling, S. C.; Kao, Timothy W.

doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1976)006<0306:potmah>2.0.co;2

Cited by 65 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Also, the evaporation/condensation of water droplets over the ocean will enter differently in the two terms. There is some experimental (Nicholls and Readings, 1979) and theoretical (Ling and Kao, 1976) evidence that these latter processes are important for the temperature and humidity budgets (Equations lb and lc) in the surface layer over the ocean.…”

Section: Similarity Of Temperature and Humiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inertial-dissipation methods and turbulent fluxes at the air-ocean interface

Fairall

Larsen

1986

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

152

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The use of high frequency atmospheric turbulence properties (inertial subrange spectra, structure function parameters or dissipation rates) to infer surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat is more practical for most ocean going platforms than direct covariance measurement. The relationships required to deduce the fluxes from such data are examined in detail in this paper and several ambiguities and uncertainties are identified. It is noted that, over water, data on water vapor properties (the dimensionless functions for the mean profile, the structure function parameter and the variance transport term) are extremely sparse and the influence of sea spray is largely unknown. Special attention is given to flux estimation on the basis of the structure function formalism. Existing knowledge about the relevant similarity functions is summarized and discussed in light of the ambiguities identified above.

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Section: Similarity Of Temperature and Humiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inertial-dissipation methods and turbulent fluxes at the air-ocean interface

Fairall

Larsen

1986

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

152

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“…The strong winds during such severe storms causes intense 15 breaking of ocean surface waves, resulting in generation of sea spray. This sea spray is believed to play a role in modulating air-sea flux exchanges as speculated by Ling and Kao (1976). In the last two decades, there have been numerous studies investigating the role of sea spray within the context of atmosphere-ocean interaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Effects of Sea Spray and Atmosphere–Wave Coupling on Air–Sea Exchange during Tropical Cyclone

Garg¹,

Ng²,

Srikanth³

2017

Preprint

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Abstract. The study investigates the role of air-sea interface using numerical simulations of an Atlantic Hurricane Arthur (2014). More specifically, present study aims to discern the role ocean surface waves and sea spray play in modulating the intensity and structure of a tropical cyclone (TC). To investigate the effects of ocean surface waves and sea spray, numerical simulations were carried out using a coupled atmosphere-wave model where a sea spray microphysical model was incorporated within the coupled model. Furthermore, this study also explores how sea spray generation can be modelled using wave energy 5 dissipation due to whitecaps, where whitecaps are considered as the primary mode of spray droplets generation at hurricane intensity wind speeds. Three different numerical simulations including sea state dependent momentum flux, sea spray mediated heat flux and combination of former two processes with sea spray mediated momentum flux were conducted. The foregoing numerical simulations were evaluated against the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy and satellite altimeter measurements as well as a control simulation using an uncoupled atmosphere model. The results indicate that the model simulations 10 were able to capture the storm track and intensity, where the surface wave coupling results in a stronger TC. Moreover, it is also noted that when only spray mediated heat fluxes are applied in conjunction with sea state dependent momentum flux, they result in a slightly weaker TC, albeit stronger compared to the control simulation. However, when spray mediated momentum flux is applied together with spray heat fluxes, it results in a comparably stronger TC. The results presented here alludes to the role surface friction plays in intensification of a TC.

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“…Ling and Kao (1976) predicted that due to evaporation of droplets the evaporation coefficient would rise dramatically with wind speeds U above about 15 m s-l, and several more recent models (Bortkovskii, 1987;Stramska, 1987;Andreas, 1992;Ling, 1993) make similar predictions. Here p and qa are the density and specific humidity of ambient air, and qs is the specific humidity of saturated air in contact with fresh water at temperature T,.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

The impact of the hexos programme

Smith

Katsaros

Oost

et al. 1996

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

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In HEXOS, aprogramme of coordinated laboratory, field andmodel studies, an international group of participants has extended the range of measurements of evaporation from the sea and has investigated the role of droplets in the transfer of water to the atmosphere. Predictions of a rapid rise in the evaporation coefficient at wind speeds above 15 m s-' have not been substantiated. Wind stress measurements showed a relationship with wave age. New methods were developed for coping with flow distortion.

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Parameterization of the Moisture and Heat Transfer Process over the Ocean under Whitecap Sea States

Cited by 65 publications

References 0 publications

Inertial-dissipation methods and turbulent fluxes at the air-ocean interface

Inertial-dissipation methods and turbulent fluxes at the air-ocean interface

The Effects of Sea Spray and Atmosphere–Wave Coupling on Air–Sea Exchange during Tropical Cyclone

The impact of the hexos programme

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