Parameters for Evaluation of the Fate, Transport, and Environmental Impacts of Chemical Agents in Marine Environments

Abstract

The second paragraph in this section should be revised as follows:A less polar and deep purple cyclized didemnimide alkaloid 72 (with a trivial name of isogranulatimide) was first isolated from the Brazilian ascidian Didemnum granulatum (Subphylum Urochordata, Class Ascidiacea) in late 1998 by Berlinck et al. 1a Almost at the same time, Fenical's group independently obtained this compound from the Caribbean ascidian Didemnum conchyliatum. 2 Compound 72 is the cyclization product of didemnimide A 67 formed via a C-2 indole condensation with the imidazole nitrogen and represented the first alkaloid to be isolated with this cyclized indolemaleimide-imidazole structure. 1a,b,2 Isogranulatimide 72 and its isomer granulatimide 72A could be biomimetically synthesized involving the photocyclization of didemnimide A 67. 1a Subsequently, 72A along with its 6-bromo derivative (72B) were successively obtained as naturally occurring compounds from the above Brazilian ascidian. 1c Isogranulatimide 72 was reported as the first noncytotoxic, specific G2 cell cycle checkpoint inhibitor, 1a,b and the mechanism of this antitumor action was elucidated at molecular level in 2004. 1d

Decontamination of VX from Silicone: Characterization of Multicomponent Diffusion Effects

“…The value of x VX,sat = 2.9 × 10 −3 was computed from the approximate solubility of VX in water of 43 mg/mL. 34 Plugging in all of the required values in eq 13 yields γ VX = 346.…”

Accumulation of intact sulfur mustard in adipose tissue and toxicokinetics by chemical conversion and isotope-dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

“…Work on destroying these abandoned chemical weapons is still in progress. The main hazards induced by the abandoned SM include environmental pollution (Bizzigotti et al 2008;Sanderson et al 2010) and potential threat to civilians (Xu et al 2014). As a highly reactive alkylating agent, SM can attack nearly all cell constituents and cause severe damage to the skin, eyes and respiratory system.…”

Reactivity of Dual-Use Decontaminants with Chemical Warfare Agents

“…Traditionally, reactor testing uses neat (pure) chemical agent dosed with an excess amount of liquid decontaminant, and reaction products are sampled from the reactor reagent volume. However, due to low solubility and/or slow rates of dissolution of the organic chemical agents (e.g., solubility of HD [distilled mustard agent, bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide] in water: 92 g/mL), 5 the agent may not be distributed uniformly within the reactor and may present a heterogeneous solution of agent droplets within the decontamination solution. If the agent droplets do not readily or rapidly dissolve, the decontamination reaction occurs primarily on the surface of the liquid agent droplet, and the decontamination rate is mass transport limited because the dissolution rate is much slower than the decontamination reaction rates.…”

“…The results demonstrated that (1) hydrolysis of neat HD is rate-limited by the rate of dissolution of HD into water, 5 and (2) the dilute reactor method can be used to isolate the reactive component of decontamination performance. Decontaminants A, G, H, K, and L demonstrated lower reactivity and included solvents (H and K) and non-oxidative alkaline decontaminants (A, G, L).…”