Parameters of Rumen Fermentation in a Continuously Fed Sheep: Evidence of a Microbial Rumination Pool

Hungate, R. E.; Reichl, J. R.; Prins, R. A.

doi:10.1128/aem.22.6.1104-1113.1971

Cited by 64 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Given that protozoa can make up approximately half of the rumen microbial biomass (Jouany, 1996), this suggests that ciliate protozoa represent a major pool of PUFA and trans-11 18:1 in the rumen. Holotrichs are selectively retained within the rumen by a migration/sequestration mechanism that depends on chemotaxis (Abe et al, 1981), and as a consequence protozoal biomass reaching the duodenum can be proportionally less than would be expected if they were to flow with the rest of the ruminal digesta (Hungate et al, 1971). Thus enhancing the flow of protozoa to the duodenum, while still maintaining numbers in the rumen, may be beneficial to enhance the PUFA and trans-11 18:1 content of meat and milk (Yañez-Ruiz et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumen protozoa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids due to the ingestion of chloroplasts

Huws

Kim

Kingston‐Smith

et al. 2009

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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Within this study, we investigated whether the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-rich nature of rumen protozoa is a consequence of ingestion of PUFA-rich chloroplasts. Four Hereford x Friesian steers were offered hay [low 18:3 (n-3) and low chlorophyll concentration] followed by freshly cut perennial ryegrass [high 18:3 (n-3) and high chlorophyll concentration] for 16 days. On the 14th and 16th days, rumen protozoa as well as attached and planktonic bacteria were fractionated 1 h before (-1 h), 2 and 6 h postfeeding, and their fatty acid concentrations determined. Protozoa fractionated from fresh grass-fed steers were richer (P<0.05) in PUFA, except conjugated linoleic acid, for all time points compared with those from hay-fed steers. Protozoal density was higher (P<0.05) for grass compared with hay. Entodinomorphid abundance was 3.4 times higher on fresh grass (P<0.01) compared with hay. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that Epidinium spp. were commonly saturated with intracellular cytoplasmic chloroplasts. These data suggest that engulfment of chloroplasts is a major contributor to the high 18:3 (n-3) concentration of protozoa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumen protozoa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids due to the ingestion of chloroplasts

Huws

Kim

Kingston‐Smith

et al. 2009

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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“…In these, the ratios of marker to nitrogen in the faeces o r N D F N were related to the corresponding ratios in the isolated bacteria, the assumption being that the DAPA and the R N A in the faeces were entirely of bacterial orign. In the fourth method (HUNGATE et al 1971) the nitrogen in the free, visible bacteria was estimated from bacterial counts assuming that the bacterial cells had a mean colume of 1.5y3, a specific gravity of 1.1, a dry matter content of 100/0 and a nitrogen content in the dry matter of 10.5 O/O.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The quantitative importance of bacterial residues in the non‐dietary faecal nitrogen of sheep

Vc¹

1978

Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelk

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Zusammenfassung Die quantitative Bedeutung des Bakterien‐Stickstoff im Schafkot‐N. 1. Methodische Untersuchungen Diese Arbeit wurde ausgeführt um die Stabilität des Kotstickstoffs während des Sammelns und die Eignung des bakteriellen und endogenen Zerfallstickstoff (bacterial and endogenous debris nitrogen = BEDN, Mason 1969) als ein Maß für den Bakterienstickstoff im Schafkot zu untersuchen. In der ersten Untersuchung wurde der Kot kontinuierlich über eine 12‐stündige Periode gesammelt und das frisch ausgeschiedene Material umgehend eingefroren oder bei 18 °C bis zu 24 Stunden aufbewahrt. Es wurde kein Unterschied in der Aminosäurezusammensetzung (einschließlich Diaminopimelinsäure) im Kot festgestellt. In der zweiten Untersuchung wurde der Gehalt an Bakterien‐N im Kot auf vier verschiedene Arten, nach unterschiedlichen Prinzipien bestimmt. Bei der ersten Methode wurde er als BEDN bestimmt, während er bei der zweiten und dritten Methode mit Hilfe von Markern, bei denen RNA und Diaminopimelinsàure als quantitative Bakterienbestandteile benutzt wurden, ermittelt. Bei der vierten Methode wurde der Bakterien‐N durch Zählung der Bakterien bestimmt. Diese Methoden ergaben Werte von 72, 68, 87 und 69% Bakterien‐N im Kot‐N. Die niedrigsten Schwankungen wurden mit der BEDN‐ und der RNA‐Methode erhalten. Es wird festgestellt, daß das gewöhnliche Kotsammeln, das zweimal pro Tag erfolgt, keinen merkbaren Bakterienwuchs im Laufe des ersten Tages bei 18 °C bringt. Darüberhinaus gibt die BEDN‐Methode ein zufriedenstellendes Maß für Bakterien‐N im Kot.

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“…Total counts of bacteria were made on suitable dilutions of rumen fluid in 0.02 mm Thoma counting chamber, and total counts of protozoa were made in a 0.2 mm Fuch-Rosenthal counting chamber. All samples for microbial counts were preserved according to Hungate et al (1971).…”

Section: Microbial Countsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenosine Triphosphate in the Bovine Rumen During Maximum Nutrient Supply and Starvation

Wolstrup¹,

Jensen²

1976

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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The concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in rumen fluid from heifers fed high levels of nutrients continuously and after 12–24 h starvation has been determined in order to examine the influence of different physiological conditions. The conventional parameters for characterizing the rumen fermentation have been applied to control the effect of a different nutrient supply. The mean concentration of ATP, determined by the luciferin‐luciferase assay, was 55.3 mg ATP/l rumen fluid in a heifer fed continuously, twice as much as found in a starved heifer. The mean ratio of biomass/ATP changed from 683 at the high level of energy intake to 1208 in the period of starvation. Consequently, the concentration of ATP in the rumen micro‐organisms is markedly influenced by nutritional conditions. Finally, the applicability of ATP determinations in rumen microbiology is discussed.

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Parameters of Rumen Fermentation in a Continuously Fed Sheep: Evidence of a Microbial Rumination Pool

Cited by 64 publications

References 12 publications

Rumen protozoa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids due to the ingestion of chloroplasts

Rumen protozoa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids due to the ingestion of chloroplasts

The quantitative importance of bacterial residues in the non‐dietary faecal nitrogen of sheep

Adenosine Triphosphate in the Bovine Rumen During Maximum Nutrient Supply and Starvation

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