“…The seeding process is determined by suspension concentration and seed size. When too many seeds are fed, the resulting particle agglomeration and multi-layers will increase the membrane thickness, which causes stress and defect ( Karakiliç et al., 2019 ; Meshkat et al., 2018 ). On the other hand, boundary gaps may be formed when insufficient amounts of seeds are unable to fully cover the support surface ( Karakiliç et al., 2019 ).…”