Parasite establishment in host communities

Holt, Robert D.; Dobson, Andrew; Begon, Michael; Bowers, Roger; Schauber, Eric M.

doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00501.x

Cited by 216 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…Although an increasing number of studies have reported negative correlations between host diversity and disease risk (29,38,39), the hidden effects of concurrent changes in parasite communities have rarely been explored (19,31,40). Future studies examining the biodiversity-disease relationship should focus more heavily on the relative importance of multiple components of biodiversity (and how they covary) in driving observed patterns in disease risk (41)(42)(43), including the direct and indirect effects of hosts, nonhosts (e.g., predators and competitors), parasites, as well as other microorganisms. An important frontier in continued efforts to understand disease within complex communities will therefore involve cross-system comparisons of host-parasite combinations to determine (i) the predictability of community assembly/disassembly (ii), the relationship between species assembly order and either host competence or parasite virulence, and (iii) the degree to which parasitic and free-living communities assemble additively or substitutively (14,15,19,(44)(45)(46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host and parasite diversity jointly control disease risk in complex communities

Johnson

Preston

Hoverman

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

132

136

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Host-parasite interactions are embedded within complex communities composed of multiple host species and a cryptic assemblage of other parasites. To date, however, surprisingly few studies have explored the joint effects of host and parasite richness on disease risk, despite growing interest in the diversity-disease relationship. Here, we combined field surveys and mechanistic experiments to test how transmission of the virulent trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae was affected by the diversity of both amphibian hosts and coinfecting parasites. Within natural wetlands, host and parasite species richness correlated positively, consistent with theoretical predictions. Among sites that supported Ribeiroia, however, host and parasite richness interacted to negatively affect Ribeiroia transmission between its snail and amphibian hosts, particularly in species-poor assemblages. In laboratory and outdoor experiments designed to decouple the relative contributions of host and parasite diversity, increases in host richness decreased Ribeiroia infection by 11-65%. Host richness also tended to decrease total infections by other parasite species (four of six instances), such that more diverse host assemblages exhibited ∼40% fewer infections overall. Importantly, parasite richness further reduced both per capita and total Ribeiroia infection by 15-20%, possibly owing to intrahost competition among coinfecting species. These findings provide evidence that parasitic and free-living diversity jointly regulate disease risk, help to resolve apparent contradictions in the diversity-disease relationship, and emphasize the challenges of integrating research on coinfection and host heterogeneity to develop a community ecology-based approach to infectious diseases. biodiversity | dilution effect | community assembly | amphibian decline | disease ecology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host and parasite diversity jointly control disease risk in complex communities

Johnson

Preston

Hoverman

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

132

136

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“…where c 0 is the predation parameter (measuring predation success), m 0 predator mortality and N 0 the resident (prey) population in equilibrium at its carrying capacity level in rare invader approximation (Holt et al 2003). The term c 0 N 0 in (2) If the system is periodically forced then the condition for invasion becomes ξ ave > 0 where:…”

Section: Forcing In Ecological Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental forcing, invasion and control of ecological and epidemiological systems

Greenman¹,

Norman²

2007

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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Abstract.Destabilising a biological system through periodic or stochastic forcing can lead to significant changes in system behaviour. Forcing can bring about coexistence when previously there was exclusion, it can excite massive system response through resonance, it can offset the negative effect of apparent competition and it can change the conditions under which the system can be invaded. Our main focus is on the invasion properties of continuous time models under periodic forcing. We show that invasion is highly sensitive to the strength, period, phase, shape and configuration of the forcing components. This complexity can be of great advantage if some of the forcing components are anthropogenic in origin. They can be turned into instruments of control to achieve specific objectives in ecology and disease management, for example. Culling, vaccination and resource regulation are considered. A general analysis is presented, based on the leading Lyapunov exponent criterion for invasion. For unstructured invaders a formula for this exponent can typically be written down from the model equations. Whether forcing hinders or encourages invasion depends on two factors: The covariances between invader parameters and resident populations and the shifts in average resident population levels brought about by the forcing. The invasion dynamics of a structured invader are much more complicated but an analytic solution can be obtained in quadratic approximation for moderate forcing strength. The general theory is illustrated by a range of models drawn from ecology and epidemiology. The relationship between periodic and stochastic forcing is also considered.3

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“…Additionally, ecological models predict that dilution effects are more common than amplification effects in the intensely studied Lyme disease system, if species diversity is nonrandomly manipulated (13). However, other models have indicated that the dilution effect will primarily occur in pathogens with frequency-dependent transmission (14), which is common in vector-transmitted pathogens and not in pathogens that experience density-dependent transmission.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A dilution effect in the emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Searle

Biga²,

Spatafora³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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Global declines in biodiversity are altering disease dynamics in complex and multifaceted ways. Changes in biodiversity can have several outcomes on disease risk, including dilution and amplification effects, both of which can have a profound influence on the effects of disease in a community. The dilution effect occurs when biodiversity and disease risk are inversely related, whereas the amplification effect is a positive relationship between biodiversity and disease risk. We tested these effects with an emerging fungal pathogen of amphibians, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which is responsible for catastrophic amphibian population declines and extinctions worldwide. Despite the rapid and continued spread of Bd, the influence of host diversity on Bd dynamics remains unknown. We experimentally manipulated host diversity and density in the presence of Bd and found a dilution effect where increased species richness reduced disease risk, even when accounting for changes in density. These results demonstrate the general importance of incorporating community structure into studies of disease dynamics and have implications for the effects of Bd in ecosystems that differ in biodiversity.

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Parasite establishment in host communities

Cited by 216 publications

References 44 publications

Host and parasite diversity jointly control disease risk in complex communities

Host and parasite diversity jointly control disease risk in complex communities

Environmental forcing, invasion and control of ecological and epidemiological systems

A dilution effect in the emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

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