Parasitic Contamination of Commonly Consumed and Locally Cultivated Leafy Vegetables in Jos, North-Central Nigeria

Nadabo, Catherine; Ramyil, Seljul Crown; Bello, Cornelius Sunday; Adeola, O. A.; Ike, Racheal; Ogundeko, Timothy Olugbenga; Omope, Aminat Yusuf; Adu, Philemon

doi:10.52547/jhehp.8.1.1

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…On the other hand, vegetables with smooth surface such as leek, green onion, and tomatoes, had the lowest contamination because its smooth surface reduces the rate of parasitic attachment [59,60,38]. However, difference in the level of contamination and parasitic species involved in contamination of examined vegetables vary from place to place due to variations in environmental and human factors associated with its production, transport, handling, and processing in the different study areas [61]. Also, the high level of contamination and multiple species contamination observed among examined vegetables in the current study, might indicate the persistence of intestinal parasitic infection in the area [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables in Selected Local Markets in Aden Governorate, Yemen

Muqbel,

Binsaad

2023

Electron. J. Univ. Aden Basic Appl. Sci.

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Fresh and raw vegetables may play a significant role in transmission of intestinal parasitic infections to humans. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the level of parasitic contamination in vegetables which are consumed raw in Aden governorate, Yemen. This is a descriptive analytic cross-sectional study in which six local markets were randomly selected. A total of 216 fresh vegetable samples including parsley (Petroselinum sativum), watercress (Nasturtium officinale), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), leek (Allium porrum), green onion (Allium cepa), and tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum) were purchased from the selected markets and analysed using direct and iodine wet mount smear preparation. Modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining and Zinc sulphate flotation method were also used. Smears were examined by under the light microscope. Out of 216 vegetable samples, 166 (76.9%) were contaminated with one or more parasites. Parsley was the most contaminated (97.2%), followed by watercress (94.4%), lettuce (88.9%), leek (80.6%), green onion (77.8%), whereas the least contamination rate was in tomato (22.2%). Statistically significant difference in parasitic contamination rate was found between different types of vegetables (P < 0.05). The most common parasite was Ascaris lumbricoides 75 (24.4%), followed by cyst of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar 64 (20.9%), and Entamoeba coli 52 (16.8%). Significant difference was reported in prevalence rate between different parasitic species (????< 0.05). Vegetable samples collected from Dar Saad market, show the highest contamination rate (94.4%) while vegetables collected from Al Mansura market showed the lowest contamination rate(50.0%). However, the parasitic contamination rates were not significantly different for samples collected from different markets. This study highlighted the importance of raw vegetables as the potential source of transmission for intestinal parasites to humans. Prevention methods such as proper washing or cooking of vegetables before consumption should be conveyed to consumers. In addition, comprehensive health education and hygienic practices, including washing hands after handling vegetables, should be provided to sellers and consumers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables in Selected Local Markets in Aden Governorate, Yemen

Muqbel,

Binsaad

2023

Electron. J. Univ. Aden Basic Appl. Sci.

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“…They are susceptible to gram-negative bacterial endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), in their outer cell wall. The hemocyte secretes transglutaminase (TGase) and several defence molecules, such as coagulation factors, lectins, antimicrobial peptides, and protein substrates, in response to stimulation by LPS 12 , 13 . The study of the effect of LPS on hemocytes has been considered one of the most important experimental tools to understand the horseshoe crab immune response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative putative metabolites profiling of Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda hemocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide

Jasni,

Wee,

Ismail

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Horseshoe crabs are among the most studied invertebrates due to their unique, innate immune system and biological processes. The metabolomics study was conducted on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and non-stimulated hemocytes isolated from the Malaysian Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. LC–TOF–MS, multivariate analyses, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were included in this study to profile the metabolites. A total of 37 metabolites were identified to be differentially abundant and were selected based on VIP > 1. However, of the 37 putative metabolites, only 23 were found to be significant with ANOVA at p < 0.05. The metabolites were identified using several databases, and the literature review of the metabolites was reported in the manuscript. Thus, this study has provided further insights into the putative metabolites' presence in the hemocytes of horseshoe crabs that are stimulated and non-stimulated with LPS and their abundance in each species. Several putative metabolites showed they have medicinal values from previous studies.

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“…17 Wastewater irrigation serves as a potential route for the introduction of new pathogens into the domestic environment through the contamination of household drinking water, consumption of raw vegetables, and occupational exposure. [18][19][20][21] Addis Ababa City gets about 90% of its fresh leafy vegetables and 61% of the overall vegetables from farmers along the Akaki Rivers which receive all waste types from multiple sources in the city including toilets and health centers. 22 Water quality reports over the last several years show that the 2 rivers are extremely polluted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal Contamination in the Wastewater Irrigation System and its Health Threat to Wastewater-Based Farming Households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Ali

Gari

Goodson

et al. 2023

Environ�Health�Insights

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Due to rapidly growing demand, the production of vegetables is increasing along the Akaki Rivers. The objective of this study was to examine the degree of fecal contamination and levels of fecal contamination and dissemination throughout the wastewater irrigation system. Irrigation water, irrigated soil, and leafy vegetables were collected twice during 2 vegetable growing seasons, at the maturity period of the growing season, from 19 sampling points along the 2 Akaki Rivers. Composite samples were taken from all sampling points and E.coli was enumerated. The mean E.coli load in wastewater and non-wastewater sources were 1.16±5.53 CFU/100 ml and 2.232±1.292 CFU/100 ml respectively. All counts of E. coli in the wastewater exceeded the WHO’s standards indicating that the irrigation water quality was unacceptable. In the wastewater-irrigated and non-wastewater-irrigated soil, the mean E.coli were 3.62 ±1.582 CFU/g and 1.322±87.1 CFU/g respectively. Meanwhile, the mean E.coli counts on the lettuce and Swiss chard were 78 ± 2 CFU/g and 44 ±3CFU/g respectively. The E.coli count on the leafy vegetables was found to be associated with the E.coli in the wastewater and soil. The production of leafy vegetables using wastewater with unacceptably high levels of E.coli and high occupational exposure introduces high levels of risk to the farming communities and to the consumers. Leafy, low-growing raw edible vegetables need careful treatment during food production and harvesting procedures or activities.

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Parasitic Contamination of Commonly Consumed and Locally Cultivated Leafy Vegetables in Jos, North-Central Nigeria

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables in Selected Local Markets in Aden Governorate, Yemen

Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables in Selected Local Markets in Aden Governorate, Yemen

Comparative putative metabolites profiling of Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda hemocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide

Fecal Contamination in the Wastewater Irrigation System and its Health Threat to Wastewater-Based Farming Households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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