Paratyphoid Fever: Splicing the Global Analyses

Abstract

The incidence of enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) is increasing in many parts of the world. Although there is no major outbreak of paratyphoid fever in recent years, S. Paratyphi A infection still remains a public health problem in many tropical countries. Therefore, surveillance studies play an important role in monitoring infections and the emergence of multidrug resistance, especially in endemic countries such as India, Nepal, Pakistan and China. In China, enteric fever was caused predominantly by S. Paratyphi A rather than by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). Sometimes, S. Paratyphi A infection can evolve into a carrier state which increases the risk of transmission for travellers. Hence, paratyphoid fever is usually classified as a “travel-associated” disease. To date, diagnosis of paratyphoid fever based on the clinical presentation is not satisfactory as it resembles other febrile illnesses, and could not be distinguished from S. Typhi infection. With the availability of Whole Genome Sequencing technology, the genomes of S. Paratyphi A could be studied in-depth and more specific targets for detection will be revealed. Hence, detection of S. Paratyphi A with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method appears to be a more reliable approach compared to the Widal test. On the other hand, due to increasing incidence of S. Paratyphi A infections worldwide, the need to produce a paratyphoid vaccine is essential and urgent. Hence various vaccine projects that involve clinical trials have been carried out. Overall, this review provides the insights of S. Paratyphi A, including the bacteriology, epidemiology, management and antibiotic susceptibility, diagnoses and vaccine development.

Analysis of Attributing Characteristics of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, B and C across India during 6 years (2010 to 2015)

“…Salmonella Paratyphi A produces a weakly positive reaction for H2S test and subsequently fails to show evidence of H 2 S production during the first of 14 days of incubation. Gas produced by Salmonella Paratyphi A is also relatively little and Salmonella Paratyphi A is not lysine decarboxylase-positive, xylose fermenting organism [1].…”

“…Therefore, surveillance studies play an important role in monitoring infections and the emergence of multidrug resistance, especially in endemic country such as India. However, the incidence of paratyphoid fever is increasing gradually worldwide, especially in certain endemic regions, such as certain provinces in China and Pakistan where Salmonella Paratyphi A infection has become a major health problem [1,2].…”

“…Based on the serotyping scheme developed by Kauffman-White, Salmonella Paratyphi A is classified as serogroup A with an antigenic formula as [1,3,4]. Salmonella Paratyphi A produces a weakly positive reaction for H2S test and subsequently fails to show evidence of H 2 S production during the first of 14 days of incubation.…”

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi and Paratyphi Responsible of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers Transmitted by Environment and Food

“…Typhoidal Salmonella serotypes, such as Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C, on the other hand, may initiate enteric fever. Especially, S. serovar Paratyphi A has recently begun to take over S. serovar Typhi as the main agent of enteric fever in many Asian countries (Teh et al, 2014). Thus, global progressive increase of paratyphoid fever worldwide (Sharland et al, 2016) has turned into a main health problem, especially in developing countries such as African's countries, China and Pakistan (Richa and Kashi, 2016).…”

Pattern of Antimicrobial Susceptibility for Salmonella Typhi in Dhaka Medical College Hospital from 2013-2014

“…3 The incidence of enteric fever is increasing in many parts of the world, still it remains a public health problem in tropical countries. 4 In regions where typhoid is endemic, clinical diagnosis becomes very difficult due to other prevalent overlapping infectious diseases like malaria, dengue fever and other viral diseases. Because of the difficulties in preventing typhoid fever by public health measures or immunization in developing countries, great reliance is placed on antimicrobial chemotherapy.…”