Parkinson’s disease

Moran, Michael L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4588-2.00030-9

Cited by 1 publication

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…There are four main types of biogenic stones found in the human body: gallstones (bile-duct), salivary, renal, bladder and prostate stones. These can be differentiated both by their location in the body and their mineralogical and microstructural features [ 1 , 20 ]. Renal stones (kidney stone, urolithiasis) form in the kidneys and can also be found in the urinary tract; they are commonly composed of calcium oxalate (CaC 2 O 4 ), calcium phosphates, struvite (NH 4 MgPO 4 ·6H 2 O), uric acid (C 5 H 4 N 4 O 3 ), and less commonly by cystine ((SCH 2 CH(NH 2 )CO 2 H) 2 ) and xanthine (C 5 H 4 N 4 O 2 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Renal stones (kidney stone, urolithiasis) form in the kidneys and can also be found in the urinary tract; they are commonly composed of calcium oxalate (CaC 2 O 4 ), calcium phosphates, struvite (NH 4 MgPO 4 ·6H 2 O), uric acid (C 5 H 4 N 4 O 3 ), and less commonly by cystine ((SCH 2 CH(NH 2 )CO 2 H) 2 ) and xanthine (C 5 H 4 N 4 O 2 ). Among the urolithiasis (comprising renal, ureteral and bladder stones) bladder stones are the most common type attested archaeologically [ 1 , 3 ]. Gallstones, formed within the gallbladder, are characterized by variable size (from millimetres to centimetres) and composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lithiasis has affected men and women since well before the earliest written Babylonian and Egyptian reports [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. It occurs most commonly in the gallbladder, kidney and lower urinary tract and, although it is occasionally asymptomatic, more often the condition is extremely painful.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The great humanist Michel de Montaigne described his own experience with the heartfelt words “ What is this [torture by the stone] but testing of death again and again ? Deliver me , if possible , from his evil which is in me ” [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two most likely candidates were kidney stones, which could enter the urethra and potentially arrive in the pelvic area, and urinary bladder stones, which appeared to be the closest alternative explanation due to their location and formal aspect. As pathological stones have differential mineralogical compositions [ 1 ], a range of analyses was carried out to determine their origin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Evidence of Prostatic Stones at Al Khiday Cemetery, Central Sudan

Usai¹,

Maritan

Sasso

et al. 2017

PLoS ONE

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The recovery of three stone-like ovoid objects within the burial of a pre-Mesolithic (Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene) individual at Al Khiday cemetery (Central Sudan) raises the question of the nature and origin of these objects. The position in which the objects were found in relation to the human skeleton suggested a pathological condition affecting the individual, possibly urinary bladder, kidney stones or gallstones. To solve this issue, a multi-analytical approach, consisting of tomographic, microstructural and compositional analyses, was therefore performed. Based on their microstructure and mineralogical composition, consisting of hydroxylapatite and whitlockite, the investigated stones were identified as primary (endogenous) prostatic calculi. In addition, the occurrence of bacterial imprints also indicates on-going infectious processes in the individual. This discovery of the earliest known case of lithiasis extends the appearance of prostatic stones into the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene, a disease which therefore can no longer be considered exclusive to the modern era, but which also affected prehistoric individuals, whose lifestyle and diet were significantly different to our own.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%