Particle creation: Schwinger + Unruh + Hawking

Abstract

We discuss the interconnection between the Schwinger pair creation in electric field, Hawking radiation and particle creation in the Unruh effect. All three processes can be described in terms of the entropy and temperature. These thermodynamic like processes can be combined. We consider the combined process of creation of charged and electrically neutral particles in the electric field, which combine the Schwinger and Unruh effects. We also consider the creation of the charged black and white holes in electric field, which combines the Schwinger effect and the black hole entropy. The combined processes obey the sum rules for the entropy and for the inverse temperature. Some contributions to the entropy and to the temperature are negative, which reflects the quantum entanglement between the created objects.

The Replica Trick, Wormholes, Island formula, and Quantum Extremal Surfaces, and How the AdS/CFT Correspondence Conjecture, and Hence the M-theory, Encounters Multi-folds

“…The situation here is even worse: it is not just about non-local conservation, but when the part inside the quantum extremal surface disconnects from the black hole exterior (i.e., the throat is strangled), the charge is not just locally lost but it is lost for the whole universe: to our knowledge, there are no proposals if say it was assumed that the baby universe would materialize as a charge in the universe, a bit like some remnant idea. It is just not likely, if a better interpretation exists as in [89], and section 3.4. o Note that this argument may be partially countered for the electromagnetic charge (but not lepton or baryon numbers for example) with the view that charged black holes, especially close to extremality, emit mostly charged particles, driven by the Schwinger effect [146][147][148][149][150][151], instead of neutral. This way, one may hope that the charge imbalance is reduced, yet if radiation also takes place through the quantum extremal surface, the Schwinger effects should also occur, until it creates a field in the back balancing it and privileging neutral radiation.…”