“…Experimental and numerical methods are used to understand the physics of the PID. Experiments are conducted by Panossian [5,22], Papalou and Masri [23,24], Tomlinson et al [3], Saeki [25], Olson [26], Xu et al [27][28][29], Mao et al [30], Wu et al [31], Marhadi and Kinra [32], and Wong et al [33]. Most of the numerical simulations [18,25,26,30,33] are based on the discrete element method (DEM), which is initially proposed by Cundal and Strack [34].…”