Particle swarm optimization for the design and characterization of silica-based photonic crystal fiber amplifiers

Design of fiber coupled Er3+:chalcogenide microsphere amplifier via particle swarm optimization algorithm

“…As an example, particle swarm optimization (PSO) approaches have been developed for the optimization and characterization of rare-earth-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifiers. [23][24][25] In this paper, an amplifying system operating close to 2.7 μm and based on Er 3þ -doped chalcogenide microsphere coupled to a tapered fiber has been optimized via a PSO approach. An accurate three-dimensional mathematical model for Er 3þ -doped chalcogenide microspheres 26,27 is employed for calculating the fitness function of the PSO procedure.…”

“…An accurate three-dimensional mathematical model for Er 3þ -doped chalcogenide microspheres 26,27 is employed for calculating the fitness function of the PSO procedure. [23][24][25] The core of the developed numerical code is based on the coupled mode theory and the rate equations model. In particular, it includes the modal distribution of the optical waves in both tapered fiber and microsphere, and takes into account the most relevant active phenomena in Er 3þ -doped chalcogenide glasses, such as the absorption rates at both pump and signal wavelengths, the stimulated emission rate at signal wavelength, the amplified spontaneous emission noise, the lifetime and branching ratios of the considered energy levels, the ion-ion energy transfers, and the excited state absorption.…”

Modeling of Whispering Gallery Modes for Rare Earth Spectroscopic Characterization

“…, the peak corresponds to the absolute minimum of F. Although the recovering of rare earth parameters via PSO is successfully applied by employing standard fiber amplifiers [6], WGM resonance allows much higher precision and accuracy [9]. A calibration of the measurement system could be necessary since taper waist and taper-microsphere gap cannot be known to the nanometer scale.…”

Chalcogenide glass microspheres for biosensing

“…[15][16][17][18] As a result, it is possible to obtain mid-IR, low-threshold lasers with suitably designed rare-earth-doped chalcogenide microspheres. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] WGMs in such spheres are coupled by tapered silica fibers using evanescent electromagnetic fields from waveguides placed nearby. To achieve this on planar geometry and in a suitably packaged format, we produced microsphere prototypes of chalcogenide glass composed of gallium, germanium, antimony, and sulfur (Ga 5 Ge 20 Sb 10 S 65 ) and doped the spheres with erbium (Er).…”

“…The PSO algorithm, due to its stochastic nature, is highly efficient in optimizing a large number of parameters, can avoid local maxima/minima, and can operate in discontinuous solution domains. [25][26][27]32 Using PSO, we optimized an amplifying system operating close to 2.7 m and based on Er 3+ -doped chalcogenide microspheres coupled to a tapered fiber. 21 We used a 3D mathematical model 28,29 to calculate the fitness function of the PSO procedure, [25][26][27] employing the optical and spectroscopic parameters measured on chalcogenide glass, 29,30 and on fabricated and characterized preliminary samples of microspheres.…”