Particulate emissions from commercial shipping: Chemical, physical, and optical properties

Lack, D. A.; Corbett, James J.; Onasch, T. B.; Lerner, B. M.; Massoli, P.; Quinn, Patricia K.; Bates, T. S.; Covert, David S.; Coffman, D. J.; Sierau, B.; Herndon, S. C.; Allan, J. D.; Baynard, T.; Lovejoy, Edward R.; Ravishankara, A. R.; Williams, E. J.

doi:10.1029/2008jd011300

Cited by 198 publications

(266 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Partially this can be caused by the fact that also SO 3 and sulphuric acid are formed by the combustion of sulphur containing fuels. During emission studies this has been found to account for between 1 and 8 % of the total sulphur content (Moldanová et al, 2009;Agrawal et al, 2008;Lack et al, 2009;Alföldy et al, 2013). During the SIRENAS-R campaign 7 % of the measured sulphur was present as particle sulphate (Alföldy et al, 2013) and consequently it cannot fully explain the observed difference.…”

Section: Stena Hollandicamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field test of available methods to measure remotely SOx and NOx emissions from ships

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Methods for the determination of ship fuel sulphur content and NO x emission factors based on remote measurements have been compared in the harbour of Rotterdam and compared to direct stack emission measurements on the ferry Stena Hollandica. The methods were selected based on a review of the available literature on ship emission measurements. They were either optical (LIDAR, Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), UV camera), combined with model-based estimates of fuel consumption, or based on the so called "sniffer" principle, where SO 2 or NO x emission factors are determined from simultaneous measurement of the increase of CO 2 and SO 2 or NO x concentrations in the plume of the ship compared to the background. The measurements were performed from stations at land, from a boat and from a helicopter. Mobile measurement platforms were found to have important advantages compared to the land-based ones because they allow optimizing the sampling conditions and sampling from ships on the open sea. Although optical methods can provide reliable results it was found that at the state of the art level, the "sniffer" approach is the most convenient technique for determining both SO 2 and NO x emission factors remotely. The average random error on the determination of SO 2 emission factors comparing two identical instrumental set-ups was 6 %. However, it was found that apparently minor differences in the instrumental characteristics, such as response time, could cause significant differences between the emission factors determined. Direct stack measurements showed that about 14 % of the fuel sulphur content was not emitted as SO 2 . This was supported by the remote measurements and is in agreement with the results of other field studies.

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Section: Stena Hollandicamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If each of the two setups is seen as an instrument to measure FSC, the uncertainty between the two instruments can be estimated as (Beijk et al, 2008;Kendall and Stuart, 1969) …”

Section: Sniffing Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field test of available methods to measure remotely SOx and NOx emissions from ships

et al. 2014

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“…The composition of particles from ship exhausts is dominated by organic carbon (OC), ash, soot, and sulfate, of which sulfate and OC increase upon cooling. 19 Lack et al 25 show with extensive field data from measurements in ship plumes of some 200 ships how the particulate emissions of sulfate and organic matter increase with the fuel sulfur content, whereas black carbon (BC) appears to have an inverse correlation with sulfur content. The correlation between BC emissions and the fuel sulfur content is described as secondary to engine type.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Emissions from Ships: Dependence on Fuel Type

Winnes

Fridell

2009

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This paper presents the results of field emission measurements that have been carried out on the 4500-kW fourstroke main engine on-board a product tanker. Two fuel qualities-heavy fuel oil (HFO) and marine gas oil (MGO)-have been tested on the same engine for comparable load settings. A fuel switch within the marine sector is approaching and the aim of this study is to draw initial conclusions on the subsequent effects on ship exhaust gas composition and emission factors with a focus on particles. Measurements on exhaust gas concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), total hydrocarbons (HCs), and particulate matter (PM) were conducted. The gases, except SO 2 , did not show any major differences between the fuels. Specific PM emissions were generally higher for HFO than for MGO; however, for the smallest size-fraction measured containing particles 0.30 -0.40 m in diameter, the opposite is observed. This finding emphasizes that to minimize negative health effects of particles from ships, further regulation may be needed to reduce small-sized particles; a fuel shift to low sulfur fuel alone does not seem to accomplish this reduction. The average of this and previously published data from on-board studies on particle emissions from ships results in emissions factors of 0.33 and 1.34 g/kWh for marine distillate oil (MDO) and HFO, respectively. Accounting for 1 standard deviation in each direction from the average values gives a range of 0.18 -0.48 g/kWh for MDO and 0.56 -2.12 g/kWh for HFO.

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“…Consequently, nearly all solid fuels in South Asia, Africa, and Latin America are allocated to cooking stoves. For Asia, we draw on the past and ongoing collaboration on the development of the GAINS-Asia model (Amann et al, 2008;Klimont et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2006;Zhao et al, 2013), where assumptions on the split between heating and cooking, as well as fuel used in medium-sized boilers, were made, together with several peer-reviewed publications (e.g. Aggarwal and Chandel, 2004;Venkataraman et al, 2010).…”

Section: Residential Combustion: Cooking Heating Lightingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 ), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source-and region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5 • × 0.5 • longitude-latitude grids. No independent estimates of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included.We estimate that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO 2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g. European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30 % in 1990 to well below 15 % in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50 % to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60 % of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60 % for BC and OC, 45 % for PM 2.5 , and less than 40 % for PM 10 , where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estimated at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, respectively, and represent about 15 % of PM 2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50 %, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC numbers are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources.This PM estimate fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modelling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atmospheric transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyo...

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Particulate emissions from commercial shipping: Chemical, physical, and optical properties

Cited by 198 publications

References 68 publications

Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships

Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships

Particle Emissions from Ships: Dependence on Fuel Type

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

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Particulate emissions from commercial shipping: Chemical, physical, and optical properties

Cited by 198 publications

References 68 publications

Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions from ships

Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions from ships

Particle Emissions from Ships: Dependence on Fuel Type

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships

Field test of available methods to measure remotely SO<sub>x</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships