Particulate matter concentrations and their related metal toxicity in rural residential environment of semi-arid region of India

Massey, David D.; Kulshrestha, Aditi; Taneja, Ajay

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.002

Cited by 155 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Moreover, since the doors and windows are kept closed for most part of the day and people also try to spend maximum time indoors, PM concentrations tends to increase. Many other studies also observed similar results in both the indoor and outdoor environments (He et al, 2001;Ye et al, 2003;Tiwari et al, 2011;Massey et al, 2012;Massey et al, 2013). Naz (2011) investigated the impact of season upon particulate matter concentration in a residential house of Lahore, Pakistan.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Seasonal variation of fine particulate matter in residential micro–environments of Lahore, Pakistan

Sidra

Ali

Nasir

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Pollution Research

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Shifting seasons greatly influence the use and management practices in residential built environments which subsequently affect the level of exposure to various pollutants indoors. The levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were monitored in fifteen households of Lahore, Pakistan during different seasons. DustTrak aerosol monitors (model 8520, TSI Inc.) were run simultaneously in the kitchens and living rooms of the selected sites for seventy two hours each. To aid analysis, houses were categorized in three groups according to floor area. For non-smoking houses there was little variation between 24 h average PM2.5 concentrations in kitchens (270 to 295 μg/m³) although there was an increase in concentrations in living rooms as floor area increased. Across all houses the average PM2.5 concentration was observed to vary during the seasons. In the kitchens the average PM levels were 326 μg/m³ during the spring falling to 133 μg/m³ in summer, 180 μg/m³ in monsoon, 395 μg/m³ in autumn and 448 μg/m³ during the winter. Similarly, in the living rooms, the mean PM levels observed were 190 μg/m³ in spring, 101 μg/m³ in summer, 158 μg/m³ in monsoon, 458 μg/m³ in autumn and 590 μg/m³ in winter. Factors contributing towards these levels were cooking (involving frequent frying), floor sweeping, and also movement of the occupants. Smoking at two sites and use of gas heaters during the winter were also identified as contributing sources. Apart from these sources, ventilation was identified to be the most singular attributing factor to the above mentioned variations in PM levels. Ventilation during the warm season ranged from 3.51 air changes per hour (ACH) to 7.68 ACH. On the contrary, ventilation decreased during the autumn and winter season (2.5 to 5.64 ACH) and this resulted in an accumulation of PM indoors. The levels of fine particulate matter were observed to be 3 to 23 times higher than the WHO established standard of 25 μg/m³.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Seasonal variation of fine particulate matter in residential micro–environments of Lahore, Pakistan

Sidra

Ali

Nasir

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Pollution Research

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“…The measured concentration of Cr was assumed to be a mixture of carcinogenic Cr (VI) and non-carcinogenic Cr(III) in 1:6 concentration ratio in ambient air [53]. So the concentration of Cr(VI) in the present study used for carcinogenic risk assessment was calculated as one seventh of the total concentration of measured Cr [53][54][55][56]. Although Pb is classifi ed as B2 (a probable human carcinogen), its ECR in the present study was not calculated because its unit risk is currently under amendment by the U.S. EPA due to inadequate human evidence.…”

Section: Determining Excess Cancer Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Airborne PM10 from a Residential Area of Northern Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

Alghamdi¹

2016

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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This study was carried out in order to investigate the seasonal distribution of PM 10 and its heavy metals contents in the atmosphere of a residential area of northern Jeddah during 2011-12. Potential health risk assessment for heavy metals exposure was assessed. The concentrations of 15 elements, including Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Sr, Cd, and Pb in PM 10 were determined using x-ray fl uorescence. The annual average concentration of PM 10 (65 μg/m 3 ) was much higher than the WHO standard for PM 10 (20 μg/m 3 ). Concerning the frequency distribution of 24-h concentration of PM 10 , about 29%, 20%, 86%, 71%, and 54% of the mean 24-h concentration of PM 10 during summer, autumn, winter, spring, and the whole year, respectively, exceeded the WHO air quality standards for maximum 24-h concentration. Dust storm events are the main reason for the highest PM 10 concentrations in winter and spring. The sum of metal concentrations in PM 10 was 4,327 ng/m 3 , representing 6.66% from particulate mass during the period of study. Fe and Al were the dominant metals, followed by Ti, Mn, Cd, Zn, Sr, V, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, Cr, As, and Ga. The sum of metal concentrations was found to be higher in winter followed by spring, summer, and autumn. The annual Ni and Cd levels in PM 10 were higher than the proposed WHO, U.S. EPA, and the European Community standards. The enrichment factors (EFs) values and non-crustal fractions indicate that Cd, As, Pb, Zn, Co, V, and Cu are mainly emitted in the atmosphere of the study area from anthropogenic sources. Based on the average values of As, Cd, Cr, and Ni in PM 10 , Cd was found to have the highest excess cancer risk. Total ECR resulting from exposure of these carcinogenic metals through inhalation pathways was 108.77. These results indicate that 108.77 people out of 1 million are at risk of developing cancer after exposure to the carcinogenic trace metals in ambient airborne PM 10 from a residential area of northern Jeddah.

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“…On the other hand, a decreased use of coal and wood for heating in developed societies has resulted in lower particulate pollution than in the past (Jones, 1999). In low-income and developing countries however, particularly in rural areas, indoor concentrations are still elevated due to use of unprocessed biomass as the primary fuel (e.g., Begum et al, 2009;Massey et al, 2009Massey et al, , 2013Gurley et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the last couple of decades numerous papers have reported significant effects of particulate matter (PM) on human health (e.g., Pope and Dockery, 2006;Politis et al, 2008;Jahn et al, 2011;Kelly and Fussell, 2012;Massey et al, 2013;Shields et al, 2013). As most people spend over 80% of the time indoors (e.g., Ramachandran et al, 2000;Klepeis et al, 2001;Bernstein et al, 2008;Massey et al, 2012), indoor concentrations are important in determining personal exposure and respiratory tract deposition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of outdoor meteorological conditions on indoor wintertime short-term PM1 levels

et al. 2015

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We investigated the relationship between wintertime 1-min mean urban indoor particulate matter mass concentrations for particles with aerodynamic diameter of < 1 µm (PM 1 ) and outdoor atmospheric conditions. Particle concentrations were measured by two light-scattering laser photometers. Aerosol monitors were placed in the ground and first floor corridors of an university building, with inlets at heights of 1.7 m above the floor. The building is located in residential area of Zagreb, Croatia. During the experiment usual student and employee activities were occurring within the building. Surface meteorological data were collected at a nearby outdoor location. Results show the dependence of indoor PM 1 on outdoor meteorology, with the strongest responses to air temperature and relative humidity, whilst global radiation impacts were almost negligible. Response times varied from 1.2 hours (for relative humidity) to 2.7 days (for global radiation). Furthermore, elevated mean concentrations point to the 8-9 km distant industrial zone. Both, PM 1 and meteorological data series exhibited semidiurnal, diurnal and the long-term (about 10-11 days and about 21 day) periodicity. The long-term periodicity of PM 1 time series might be associated with Rossby waves. Possible association with Rossby waves needs to be investigated further.

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Particulate matter concentrations and their related metal toxicity in rural residential environment of semi-arid region of India

Cited by 155 publications

References 31 publications

Seasonal variation of fine particulate matter in residential micro–environments of Lahore, Pakistan

Seasonal variation of fine particulate matter in residential micro–environments of Lahore, Pakistan

Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Airborne PM10 from a Residential Area of Northern Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

Influences of outdoor meteorological conditions on indoor wintertime short-term PM1 levels

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